8.NametwodynastiesormajorperiodsinChinesehistorysincetheestablishmentofthecentralized,bureaucraticempire.Givetheirdatesandexplainwhythesetwodynastiesorperiodsareworthyofanhistorian’sattention.(about8linesforeachd

　　8.NametwodynastiesormajorperiodsinChinesehistorysincetheestablishmentofthecentralized,bureaucraticempire.Givetheirdatesandexplainwhythesetwodynastiesorperiodsareworthyofanhistorian’sattention.(about8linesforeachdynastyorperiod)[10pts.]

　　9.Identifythesepassagesandcommentbrieflyontheirmeaningandsignificance(about6-8lineseach)[20points]:

　　(a)“Leadthembymeansofgovernmentpoliciesandregulatethemthroughpunishments,andthepeoplewillbeevasiveandhavenosenseofshame.Leadthembymeansofvirtueandregulatethemthroughritualsandtheywillhaveasenseofshameandmoreoverhavestandards.”

　　Thispassagegivethebasicideaofhowtodominantcitizens.Itistrue

　　(b)“ItisthecustomoftheXiongnutosupportthemselvesinordinarytimesbyfollowingtheirflocksandhunting,butintimesofhardshiptheytakeuparmstoraid.Thiswouldappeartobetheirnature….Concernforproprietyordutydoesnotinhibittheirpursuitofadvantage.Everyone,fromtherulerondown,eatsmeatanddressesinleatherorfelt.Thestrongesteatthebestfoodtheoldeattheleftovers.Theyhonortheyoungandstronganddespisetheoldandweak…”[SimaQian]

　　(c)Lawsexisttolovethepeople;ritesexisttomakeaffairsgosmoothly.Therefore,thesagedoesnotsticktoancientlawsifhecanstrengthenhisstatebychangingthemanddoesnotkeepancientritualsifhecanbenefitthepeoplebyalteringthem.”[BookofLordShang]

　　(d)“Donothonortheworthy,/Andthepeoplewillnotcompete./

　　Donotvaluetheraretreasures,/Andthepeoplewillnotsteal./

　　Donotdisplaywhatotherswant,/Andthepeoplewillnothavetheirheartsconfused./

　　Thesagegovernsthisway:/

　　Heemptiespeople’smindsandfillstheirbellies./Heweakenstheirwillsandstrengthenstheirbones./

　　Keepthepeoplealwayswithoutknowledgeandwithoutdesires,/Forthenthecleverwillnotdareact./Engageinnoactionandorderwillprevail.