ORIGINOFENGLISH

　　WespeakEnglishbutdoweknowwhereitcomesfrom?Ididn鈥檛knowuntilIstartedtostudyonthissubjectandIlearnedwhereitcomesfromandhowithasdeveloped.

　　ThehistoryofEnglishbeginsalittleafterA.D.600.TheancestorsofthelanguagewerewanderingintheforestsofnorthernEurope.TheirlanguagewasapartofGermanicbranchofIndo-EuropeanFamily.

　　ThepeopletalkingthislanguagespreadtothenortherncoastofEuropeinthetimeofRomanEmpire.AmongthispeoplethetribescalledAngels,Saxons,JuteswhichiscalledAnglo-SaxonscometoEngland.ThefirstLatineffectwasinthatperiod.Latineffectedthelanguagewiththemerchantstravelingthetribes.SomeofthewordstakenfromLatinare;kettle,wine,cheese,butter,cheap.

　　Alsointhe14thcenturyRomeEmpireweakenedbecauseGothsattackedtoMediterraneancountriesofRomanEmpireandAnglo-Saxonsattackedtoempire.OntheotherhandtheCeltictribesinScotlandandWalesdeveloped.Attheendin410thelastromanemperorlefttheislandtoCelticandAnglo-Saxons.CelticandAnglo-Saxonsfoughtfor100yearsandAnglo-SaxonskilledalltheCeltics.In550Anglo鈥揝axonsestablishedEngland.DuringRomaEmpireLatinwasn鈥檛thenativelanguageofthekingdombecausepeopleinthecountryweretalkingCeltic.

　　WhenAnglo-SaxonsbecameChristianin597theylearnedLatin.AccordingtotheeffectstoEnglish,thehistoryofthelanguagedividedintothree;OldEnglish(7thcentury-1100),MiddleEnglish(1100-1450/1500),ModernEnglish(1500-now).InsomebooksModernEnglishisdividedintotwoEarlymodern(1500-1700),LateModern(1700-now).

　　OLDENGLISH

　　WhenEnglandwasestablishedtherewereseveralkingdomsandthemostadvancedonewasNurthumbria.ItwasthisperiodthatthebestoftheOldEnglishliteraturewaswritten,includingtheepicpoemBeowulf.

　　Inthe8thcenturyNurthumbrianpowerdeclined,WestSaxonsbecametheleadingpower.ThemostfamouskingoftheWestSaxonswasAlfredtheGreat.Hefoundedandestablishedschools,translatedorcausedtobetranslatedmanybooksfromLatinintoEnglish.

　　Aftermanyyearsofhit-and-runraidsbetweentheEuropeankingdoms,theNorsemanlandedintheyearof866andlatertheeastcoastoftheislandwasNorseman鈥檚.NorselanguageeffectedtheEnglishconsiderably.Norsewasn鈥檛sodifferentfromEnglishandEnglishpeoplecouldunderstandNorseman.Therewereconsiderableinterchangesandwordborrowings(sky,give,law,egg,outlaw,leg,ugly,talk).Alsoborrowedpronounslikethey,their,them.ItissupposedalsothattheNorsemaninfluencedthesoundstructureandthegrammarofEnglish.

　　OldEnglishhadsomesoundwhichwedon鈥檛knowhavenow.Ingrammar,OldEnglishwasmuchmorehighlyinflectedthatMiddleEnglishbecausetherewerecaseendingsfornouns,morepersonandnumberendingsofwordsandamorecomplicatedpronounsystems,variousendingsforadjectives.InvocabularyOldEnglishisquietdifferentfromMiddleEnglish.MostoftheOldEnglishwordsarenativeEnglishwhichweren鈥檛borrowedfromotherlanguages.OntheotherhandOldEnglishcontainsborrowedwordscomingfromNorseandLatin.

　　MIDDLEENGLISH

　　Between1100-1200manyimportantchangestookplaceinthestructureofEnglishandOldEnglishbecameMiddleEnglish.Thepoliticaleventwhicheffectedtheadministrationsystem