【我需要一篇介绍科学家的英文文章】
我需要一篇介绍科学家的英文文章
【我需要一篇介绍科学家的英文文章】
我需要一篇介绍科学家的英文文章
介绍艾萨克牛顿的
IsaacNewton'sLife
SpecialthankstotheMicrosoftCorporationfortheircontributiontooursite.ThefollowinginformationcamefromMicrosoftEncarta.
IINTRODUCTION
Newton,SirIsaac(1642-1727),mathematicianandphysicist,oneoftheforemostscientificintellectsofalltime.BornatWoolsthorpe,nearGranthaminLincolnshire,whereheattendedschool,heenteredCambridgeUniversityin1661;hewaselectedaFellowofTrinityCollegein1667,andLucasianProfessorofMathematicsin1669.Heremainedattheuniversity,lecturinginmostyears,until1696.OftheseCambridgeyears,inwhichNewtonwasattheheightofhiscreativepower,hesingledout1665-1666(spentlargelyinLincolnshirebecauseofplagueinCambridge)as"theprimeofmyageforinvention".DuringtwotothreeyearsofintensementalefforthepreparedPhilosophiaeNaturalisPrincipiaMathematica(MathematicalPrinciplesofNaturalPhilosophy)commonlyknownasthePrincipia,althoughthiswasnotpublisheduntil1687.
AsafirmopponentoftheattemptbyKingJamesIItomaketheuniversitiesintoCatholicinstitutions,NewtonwaselectedMemberofParliamentfortheUniversityofCambridgetotheConventionParliamentof1689,andsatagainin1701-1702.Meanwhile,in1696hehadmovedtoLondonasWardenoftheRoyalMint.HebecameMasteroftheMintin1699,anofficeheretainedtohisdeath.HewaselectedaFellowoftheRoyalSocietyofLondonin1671,andin1703hebecamePresident,beingannuallyre-electedfortherestofhislife.Hismajorwork,Opticks,appearedthenextyear;hewasknightedinCambridgein1705.
AsNewtoniansciencebecameincreasinglyacceptedontheContinent,andespeciallyafterageneralpeacewasrestoredin1714,followingtheWaroftheSpanishSuccession,NewtonbecamethemosthighlyesteemednaturalphilosopherinEurope.Hislastdecadeswerepassedinrevisinghismajorworks,polishinghisstudiesofancienthistory,anddefendinghimselfagainstcritics,aswellascarryingouthisofficialduties.Newtonwasmodest,diffident,andamanofsimpletastes.Hewasangeredbycriticismoropposition,andharbouredresentment;hewasharshtowardsenemiesbutgeneroustofriends.Ingovernment,andattheRoyalSociety,heprovedanableadministrator.Henevermarriedandlivedmodestly,butwasburiedwithgreatpompinWestminsterAbbey.
Newtonhasbeenregardedforalmost300yearsasthefoundingexamplarofmodernphysicalscience,hisachievementsinexperimentalinvestigationbeingasinnovativeasthoseinmathematicalresearch.Withequal,ifnotgreater,energyandoriginalityhealsoplungedintochemistry,theearlyhistoryofWesterncivilization,andtheology;amonghisspecialstudieswasaninvestigationoftheformanddimensions,asdescribedintheBible,ofSolomon'sTempleinJerusalem.
IIOPTICS
In1664,whilestillastudent,NewtonreadrecentworkonopticsandlightbytheEnglishphysicistsRobertBoyleandRobertHooke;healsostudiedboththemathematicsandthephysicsoftheFrenchphilosopherandscientistRenéDescartes.Heinvestigatedtherefractionoflightbyaglassprism;developingoverafewyearsaseriesofincreasinglyelaborate,refined,andexactexperiments,Newtondiscoveredmeasurable,mathematicalpatternsinthephenomenonofcolour.Hefoundwhitelighttobeamixtureofinfinitelyvariedcolouredray