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  【我需要一篇介绍科学家的英文文章】

  我需要一篇介绍科学家的英文文章

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2019-04-11 02:14
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初培

  介绍艾萨克牛顿的

  IsaacNewton'sLife

  SpecialthankstotheMicrosoftCorporationfortheircontributiontooursite.ThefollowinginformationcamefromMicrosoftEncarta.

  IINTRODUCTION

  Newton,SirIsaac(1642-1727),mathematicianandphysicist,oneoftheforemostscientificintellectsofalltime.BornatWoolsthorpe,nearGranthaminLincolnshire,whereheattendedschool,heenteredCambridgeUniversityin1661;hewaselectedaFellowofTrinityCollegein1667,andLucasianProfessorofMathematicsin1669.Heremainedattheuniversity,lecturinginmostyears,until1696.OftheseCambridgeyears,inwhichNewtonwasattheheightofhiscreativepower,hesingledout1665-1666(spentlargelyinLincolnshirebecauseofplagueinCambridge)as"theprimeofmyageforinvention".DuringtwotothreeyearsofintensementalefforthepreparedPhilosophiaeNaturalisPrincipiaMathematica(MathematicalPrinciplesofNaturalPhilosophy)commonlyknownasthePrincipia,althoughthiswasnotpublisheduntil1687.

  AsafirmopponentoftheattemptbyKingJamesIItomaketheuniversitiesintoCatholicinstitutions,NewtonwaselectedMemberofParliamentfortheUniversityofCambridgetotheConventionParliamentof1689,andsatagainin1701-1702.Meanwhile,in1696hehadmovedtoLondonasWardenoftheRoyalMint.HebecameMasteroftheMintin1699,anofficeheretainedtohisdeath.HewaselectedaFellowoftheRoyalSocietyofLondonin1671,andin1703hebecamePresident,beingannuallyre-electedfortherestofhislife.Hismajorwork,Opticks,appearedthenextyear;hewasknightedinCambridgein1705.

  AsNewtoniansciencebecameincreasinglyacceptedontheContinent,andespeciallyafterageneralpeacewasrestoredin1714,followingtheWaroftheSpanishSuccession,NewtonbecamethemosthighlyesteemednaturalphilosopherinEurope.Hislastdecadeswerepassedinrevisinghismajorworks,polishinghisstudiesofancienthistory,anddefendinghimselfagainstcritics,aswellascarryingouthisofficialduties.Newtonwasmodest,diffident,andamanofsimpletastes.Hewasangeredbycriticismoropposition,andharbouredresentment;hewasharshtowardsenemiesbutgeneroustofriends.Ingovernment,andattheRoyalSociety,heprovedanableadministrator.Henevermarriedandlivedmodestly,butwasburiedwithgreatpompinWestminsterAbbey.

  Newtonhasbeenregardedforalmost300yearsasthefoundingexamplarofmodernphysicalscience,hisachievementsinexperimentalinvestigationbeingasinnovativeasthoseinmathematicalresearch.Withequal,ifnotgreater,energyandoriginalityhealsoplungedintochemistry,theearlyhistoryofWesterncivilization,andtheology;amonghisspecialstudieswasaninvestigationoftheformanddimensions,asdescribedintheBible,ofSolomon'sTempleinJerusalem.

  IIOPTICS

  In1664,whilestillastudent,NewtonreadrecentworkonopticsandlightbytheEnglishphysicistsRobertBoyleandRobertHooke;healsostudiedboththemathematicsandthephysicsoftheFrenchphilosopherandscientistRenéDescartes.Heinvestigatedtherefractionoflightbyaglassprism;developingoverafewyearsaseriesofincreasinglyelaborate,refined,andexactexperiments,Newtondiscoveredmeasurable,mathematicalpatternsinthephenomenonofcolour.Hefoundwhitelighttobeamixtureofinfinitelyvariedcolouredray

2019-04-11 02:17:13

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