/p/and/b/Youpronouncethe/p/and/b/bystoppingtheairstreamwithyourlips,buildinguppressureandsuddenlyreleasingtheair.

　　/k/and/g/Youproduce/k/and/g/byblockingthebreath-streamwiththebackofthetongueandsoftpalate,buildingupthethepressure,andsuddenlyreleasingit.

　　/f/and/v/arelabio-dentalsounds./f/isvoicelessand/v/isvoiced.Theyarefricativesoundsthatareproducedbyforcingthebreathstreambetweenyourupperteethandlowerlip.

　　/θ/and/ð/areinterdentalsounds.Thesefricativesareproducedbysqueezingthebreathstreambetweenyourtonguesandteeth./θ/isvoicelessand/ð/isvoiced.

　　/s/and/z/arealveolarsounds.Thesefricativesareproducedbyforcingairbetweenthetongueandupperorlowerfrontteeth./s/isvoicelessand/z/isvoiced.

　　/h/isavoicelessglottalfricative.Itissimplyastreamofairfromthelarynxdirectedthroughtheopenmouth.

　　这些音标我不会打呵呵,你自己查看看,我用单词替代,不好意思嘎

　　shouldand/3/arelingua-palatafricatives.Theyareproducedinmuchthesamewayasthe/s/and/z/,exceptthetongueisfartherbackandthelipsarerounded.

　　/tf/and/d3/areaffricatesounds,producedbyblockingoffthebreath-streambetweenthetongueandgumridge,forastopandafricative.

　　/m/and//n/aresimple,straight-forwardconsonants:the/m/occursatthefrontofthemouthandisgroupedwiththelabials,the/n/isproducedontheuppergumridgeandisalveolar.Theplaceofarticulationof/ŋ/isthesameasthatof/k/and/g/.Itismadewiththebackofthetonguetouchingthesoftpalate.

　　/w/and/j/aresimilarinseveralways.First,theyarecloselyralatedtoavowelsound:/j/issimilartothevowel/i:/and/w/isverymuchlikethevowel/u:/.Second,theyarebothvoicedconsonants.Inpronunciation,for/j/thelipsarerelaxedandthetongueisinthehighnfrontspace;for/w/thelipsareroundedandthetongueisinthehingbackspace.Thenthereisamovementawayfromthesepositionstowhateversoundfollows.

　　/r/istheotherapproximantbesides/j/and/w/inEnglish.Theimportantthingaboutthearticulationof/r/iathatthetipofthetongueapproachesthealveolarareainapproximatelythewayitwouldfora/t/or/d/,butneveractuallymakescontactwithanypartoftheroofofthemouth.Duringthepronunciation,thetongueisinfactusuallyslightlycurledbackwardswiththetipraised.

　　/l/Thefactthatthe/l/phonemeistypicallyproducedwithpotentialairflowaroundoneorbothsidesofthetonguemakesituniqueamongEnglishspeechsounds.Itisalsohighlyvariableintermsofitsarticulation.Severalimportantvariationsexist.Inpronunciation,youproduceitbydroppingthesidesofthetongueandallowingairtoescapearoundthesides.

　　/i:/and/i//i:/ismadebyraisingthebodyofthetonguefromitsrestpositionandshiftingitforward.The/i/soundismadebyloweringthetongueslightlyfroomthehigh-frontpositionfor/i:/.Also,/i:/isamuchmoretensesoundthan/i/.ThefactthatEnglishhasthesetwohighfrontvowles,differentiatedbymuscletensionintherootofthetongue,setsitapartfromChineseandmanylanguagesoftheworld.

　　/e/and/æ//e/thetonguebodyisshiftedforwardinthemid-place./æ/isproducedbyshiftingthebodyofthetongueforwardfromitsrelaxedstate,andloweringitfromthepositionfor/e/.Itisthelowe