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  ABriefHistoryoftheInternet

  可以帮我找一篇关于这个问题的论文么?

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2019-04-16 16:59
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  TheInternetwastheresultofsomevisionarythinkingbypeopleintheearly1960swhosawgreatpotentialvalueinallowingcomputerstoshareinformationonresearchanddevelopmentinscientificandmilitaryfields.J.C.R.LickliderofMIT,firstproposedaglobalnetworkofcomputersin1962,andmovedovertotheDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(DARPA)inlate1962toheadtheworktodevelopit.LeonardKleinrockofMITandlaterUCLAdevelopedthetheoryofpacketswitching,whichwastoformthebasisofInternetconnections.LawrenceRobertsofMITconnectedaMassachusettscomputerwithaCaliforniacomputerin1965overdial-uptelephonelines.Itshowedthefeasibilityofwideareanetworking,butalsoshowedthatthetelephoneline'scircuitswitchingwasinadequate.Kleinrock'spacketswitchingtheorywasconfirmed.RobertsmovedovertoDARPAin1966anddevelopedhisplanforARPANET.ThesevisionariesandmanymoreleftunnamedherearetherealfoundersoftheInternet.

  TheInternet,thenknownasARPANET,wasbroughtonlinein1969underacontractletbytherenamedAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(ARPA)whichinitiallyconnectedfourmajorcomputersatuniversitiesinthesouthwesternUS(UCLA,StanfordResearchInstitute,UCSB,andtheUniversityofUtah).ThecontractwascarriedoutbyBBNofCambridge,MAunderBobKahnandwentonlineinDecember1969.ByJune1970,MIT,Harvard,BBN,andSystemsDevelopmentCorp(SDC)inSantaMonica,Cal.wereadded.ByJanuary1971,Stanford,MIT'sLincolnLabs,Carnegie-Mellon,andCase-WesternReserveUwereadded.Inmonthstocome,NASA/Ames,Mitre,Burroughs,RAND,andtheUofIllinoispluggedin.Afterthat,therewerefartoomanytokeeplistinghere.

  TheInternetwasdesignedinparttoprovideacommunicationsnetworkthatwouldworkevenifsomeofthesitesweredestroyedbynuclearattack.Ifthemostdirectroutewasnotavailable,routerswoulddirecttrafficaroundthenetworkviaalternateroutes.

  TheearlyInternetwasusedbycomputerexperts,engineers,scientists,andlibrarians.Therewasnothingfriendlyaboutit.Therewerenohomeorofficepersonalcomputersinthosedays,andanyonewhousedit,whetheracomputerprofessionaloranengineerorscientistorlibrarian,hadtolearntouseaverycomplexsystem.

  TheInternetmaturedinthe70'sasaresultoftheTCP/IParchitecturefirstproposedbyBobKahnatBBNandfurtherdevelopedbyKahnandVintCerfatStanfordandothersthroughoutthe70's.ItwasadoptedbytheDefenseDepartmentin1980replacingtheearlierNetworkControlProtocol(NCP)anduniversallyadoptedby1983.

  TheUnixtoUnixCopyProtocol(UUCP)wasinventedin1978atBellLabs.Usenetwasstartedin1979basedonUUCP.Newsgroups,whicharediscussiongroupsfocusingonatopic,followed,providingameansofexchanginginformationthroughouttheworld.WhileUsenetisnotconsideredaspartoftheInternet,sinceitdoesnotsharetheuseofTCP/IP,itlinkedunixsystemsaroundtheworld,andmanyInternetsitestookadvantageoftheavailabilityofnewsgroups.Itwasasignificantpartofthecommunitybuildingthattookplaceonthenetworks.

  Similarly,BITNET(BecauseIt'sTimeNetwork)connectedIBMmainframesaroundtheeducationalcommunityandtheworldtoprovidemailservicesbeginningin1981.Listservsoftwarewasdevelopedforthisnetworkandlaterothers.GatewaysweredevelopedtoconnectBITN

2019-04-16 17:02:42

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