第一个揭开微生物秘密的是谁?-查字典问答网
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  第一个揭开微生物秘密的是谁?

  第一个揭开微生物秘密的是谁?

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2019-04-19 14:48
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胡光伟

  现代微生物学简史:(里面提到的几个人)

  in1676,AntonievanLeeuwenhoekobservedbacteriaandothermicroorganisms,usingasingle-lensmicroscopeofhisowndesign.[1]WhileVanLeeuwenhoekisoftencitedasthefirsttoobservemicrobes,RobertHookemadethefirstrecordedmicroscopicobservation,ofthefruitingbodiesofmolds,in1665.[8].ThefirstobservationofmicrobesusingamicroscopeisgenerallycreditedtotheDutchdraperandhaberdasher,AntonievanLeeuwenhoek,wholivedformostofhislifeinDelft,Holland.Ithas,however,beensuggestedthataJesuitpriestcalledAthanasiusKircherwasthefirsttoobservemicroorganisms.[9]Hewasamongthefirsttodesignmagiclanternsforprojectionpurposes,sohemusthavebeenwellacquaintedwiththepropertiesoflenses.[9]OneofhisbookcontainsachapterinLatin,whichreadsintranslation–‘Concerningthewonderfulstructureofthingsinnature,investigatedbyMicroscope.Here,hewrote‘whowouldbelievethatvinegarandmilkaboundwithaninnumerablemultitudeofworms.’Healsonotedthatputridmaterialisfullofinnumerablecreepinganimalculae.TheseobservationsantedateRobertHooke’sMicrographiabynearly20yearsandwerepublishedsome29yearsbeforevanLeeuwenhoeksawprotozoaand37yearsbeforehedescribedhavingseenbacteria.[9]

  Thefieldofbacteriology(laterasubdisciplineofmicrobiology)wasfoundedinthe19thcenturybyFerdinandCohn,abotanistwhosestudiesonalgaeandphotosyntheticbacterialedhimtodescribeseveralbacteriaincludingBacillusandBeggiatoa.Cohnwasalsothefirsttoformulateaschemeforthetaxonomicclassificationofbacteriaanddiscoverspores.[10]LouisPasteurandRobertKochwerecontemporariesofCohn’sandareoftenconsideredtobethefatherofMicrobiology[9]andmedicalmicrobiology,respectively.[11]Pasteurismostfamousforhisseriesofexperimentsdesignedtodisprovethethenwidelyheldtheoryofspontaneousgeneration,therebysolidifyingmicrobiology’sidentityasabiologicalscience.[12]Pasteuralsodesignedmethodsforfoodpreservation(pasteurization)andvaccinesagainstseveraldiseasessuchasanthrax,fowlcholeraandrabies.[1]Kochisbestknownforhiscontributionstothegermtheoryofdisease,provingthatspecificdiseaseswerecausedbyspecificpathogenicmicroorganisms.HedevelopedaseriesofcriteriathathavebecomeknownastheKoch'spostulates.KochwasoneofthefirstscientiststofocusontheisolationofbacteriainpurecultureresultinginhisdescriptionofseveralnovelbacteriaincludingMycobacteriumtuberculosis,thecausativeagentoftuberculosis.[1]

  WhilePasteurandKochareoftenconsideredthefoundersofmicrobiology,theirworkdidnotaccuratelyreflectthetruediversityofthemicrobialworldbecauseoftheirexclusivefocusonmicroorganismshavingdirectmedicalrelevance.Itwasnotuntilthelate19thcenturyandtheworkofMartinusBeijerinckandSergeiWinogradsky,thefoundersofgeneralmicrobiology(anoldertermencompassingaspectsofmicrobialphysiology,diversityandecology),thatthetruebreadthofmicrobiologywasrevealed.[1]Beijerinckmadetwomajorcontributionstomicrobiology:thediscoveryofvirusesandthedevelopmentofenrichmentculturetechniques.[13]WhilehisworkontheTobaccoMosaicVirusestablishedthebasicprinciplesofvirology,itwashisdevelopmentofenrichmentculturingthathadthemosti

2019-04-19 14:50:22

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