TheNobelPrizeisabigdeal.WanttoknowhowIknow?BecausetheNobelsareconstantlyinvokedtosignaltheimportanceofotherawards:TheTuringAwardisthe鈥淣obelPrizeofComputers,鈥thePritzkerPrizeisthe鈥淣obelPrizeofArchitecture,鈥andgeography鈥檚鈥淣obel鈥isnamedaftertheguywhonamedAmericaafterAmerigoVespucci.Inmathematics,theAbelAwardandtheFieldsMedalcompeteoverwhichismoreworthyofaNobelcomparison.TheNobelPrizemightaswellbecalledthe鈥淣obelPrizeofComparisonsforOtherAwards.鈥Buthowdiditgetthisstatus?

　　Likethewinnerofadecathlon,theNobelPrizestandsoutforitssuperiorityonacombinationoffactors,beginningwithitsuniqueorigins,saysHarrietZuckerman,sociologyprofessoremeritaofColumbiaUniversityandauthorofScientificElite,ahistoryoftheNobelPrizes.

　　Fromthebeginning,theNobelPrizeattractedpublicattentioninawaythatnootherscientificawardhad.

　　Itallbeganwithajournalisticerror.In1888,aFrenchnewspapermistakenlywrotethatAlfredNobel,inventorofdynamite,haddied.Itwasactuallyhisbrother,Ludvig,whohadpassed.But,inadditiontolacklusterfactchecking,thepapercommemoratedtheeventwithdefamatoryprose:鈥淒r.AlfredNobel,whobecamerichbyfindingwaystokillmorepeoplefasterthaneverbefore,diedyesterday,鈥itwrote.Nobel,itissaid,wascrushedbytheideathathe鈥檇berememberedasa鈥渕erchantofdeath.鈥Inordertoregaincontrolofhislegacy,hewilledhisfortunetocreateanawardthatwouldrecognizepeoplewhohadmadepositivecontributionstomankind.

　　AlfredNobelwasacelebrity,famousnotonlyforhisdestructiveinvention,butalsohisreclusiveness.Hiswillwasmadepublicayearafterhisdeath.Thesurpriseannouncementsparkedalotofinterestfromtheoutset,saysGustavKällstrand,seniorcuratorattheNobelMuseum.鈥淭hefactthattheinventorofdynamitehadentrustedhismoneytocreateapeaceprize,amongotherthings,gotalotofpeopleinterestedintheprize,鈥hesaid.

　　TheNobelalsoattractedalotofattentionbecauseofitshugecashprize.Scientistshadbeenawardedmedals,money,andeventitles(Howaboutaknighthood,SirIsaac?)sinceatleasttheearlyRenaissance.ButnoneofthoseawardscameclosetotheNobel鈥檚purse.Intheearlydays,itwasworthabout20yearsofanacademicsalary,andwastheprototypical鈥済eniusaward鈥thatallowedscholarstofreelypursuetheirinterests.

　　Theprizemoneyalsogavethepublicaconcretewaytocomprehendwhatwere(andstillare)esotericscientificdiscoveries,saysKällstrand,whowroteadissertationonhowtheNobelbecameabridgebetweenscienceandsociety.Themoneyshowedthepublicthattheseprizeswereimportant,hesays,andthatthepeoplewhowonthemmustalsobeimportantandworthattention.

　　Fromitsinitialbuzzthroughitsgildedsheen,theprizeeventuallyearnedareputationforselectingnotableawardees.ThatprestigewasearnedduetothemethodologyestablishedbythefirstNobelpanelsofjudgesin1901.Källstrandsaysthatthemembersoftheacademyatthattimewerenervoustobethecenterofinternationalattention.In1897,afterNobel鈥檚willhadbeenmadepublic,theNewYorkTimespredictedthattheprizewouldbringSwedenmoretroublethanglory,asthecountrywouldberesignedtothepoliticsofpickingfavorites.Inordertoprotectthemselvesfromtheridiculeofchoosingt

　　你是自己写的吗

　　作文写完了还是谢谢了

　　客气，是从googlescholar上帮你总结下来的。

　　就是太多了

　　以后有事还找你啊

　　挑着用呗，行，海龟一枚，有事找我咯