恩格斯：在马克思墓前的讲话（原文为德文,此处只有英文和译文）

　　FrederickEngels：

　　"Onthe14thofMarch,ataquartertothreeintheafternoon,thegreatestlivingthinkerceasedtothink.Hehadbeenleftaloneforscarcelytwominutes,andwhenwecamebackwefoundhiminhisarmchair,peacefullygonetosleep-butforever.

　　"AnimmeasurablelosshasbeensustainedbothbythemilitantproletariatofEuropeandAmerica,andbyhistoricalscience,inthedeathofthisman.Thegapthathasbeenleftbythedepartureofthismightyspiritwillsoonenoughmakeitselffelt.

　　"JustasDarwindiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentoforganicnature,soMarxdiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentofhumanhistory:thesimplefact,hithertoconcealedbyanovergrowthofideology,thatmankindmustfirstofalleat,drink,haveshelterandclothing,beforeitcanpursuepolitics,science,art,religion,etc.;thatthereforetheproductionoftheimmediatematerialmeansofsubsistenceandconsequentlythedegreeofeconomicdevelopmentattainedbyagivenpeopleorduringagivenepochformthefoundationuponwhichthestateinstitutions,thelegalconceptions,art,andeventheideasonreligion,ofthepeopleconcernedhavebeenevolved,andinthelightofwhichtheymust,therefore,beexplained,insteadofviceversa,ashadhithertobeenthecase.

　　"Butthatisnotall.Marxalsodiscoveredthespeciallawofmotiongoverningthepresent-daycapitalistmodeofproductionandthebourgeoissocietythatthismodeofproductionhascreated.Thediscoveryofsurplusvaluesuddenlythrewlightontheproblem,intryingtosolvewhichallpreviousinvestigations,ofbothbourgeoiseconomistsandsocialistcritics,hadbeengropinginthedark.

　　"Twosuchdiscoverieswouldbeenoughforonelifetime.Happythemantowhomitisgrantedtomakeevenonesuchdiscovery.ButineverysinglefieldwhichMarxinvestigated--andheinvestigatedverymanyfields,noneofthemsuperficially--ineveryfield,eveninthatofmathematics,hemadeindependentdiscoveries.

　　"Suchwasthemanofscience.Butthiswasnotevenhalftheman.SciencewasforMarxahistoricallydynamic,revolutionaryforce.Howevergreatthejoywithwhichhewelcomedanewdiscoveryinsometheoreticalsciencewhosepracticalapplicationperhapsitwasasyetquiteimpossibletoenvisage,heexperiencedquiteanotherkindofjoywhenthediscoveryinvolvedimmediaterevolutionarychangesinindustryandinhistoricaldevelopmentingeneral.Forexample,hefollowedcloselythedevelopmentofthediscoveriesmadeinthefieldofelectricityandrecentlythoseofMarcelDeprez.

　　"ForMarxwasbeforeallelsearevolutionist.Hisrealmissioninlifewastocontribute,inonewayoranother,totheoverthrowofcapitalistsocietyandofthestateinstitutionswhichithadbroughtintobeing,tocontributetotheliberationofthemodernproletariat,whichhewasthefirsttomakeconsciousofitsownpositionanditsneeds,consciousoftheconditionsofitsemancipation.Fightingwashiselement.Andhefoughtwithapassion,atenacityandasuccesssuchasfewcouldrival.HisworkonthefirstRheinischeZeitung(1842),theParisVorw?rts!(1844),Br?sselerDeutscheZeitung(1847),theNeueRheinischeZeitung(1848-49),theNewYorkTribune(1852-61),andinadditiontotheseahostofmilitantpamphlets,workinorganisationsinParis,BrusselsandLondon,andfinally,crowningall,theformationofth