Whydoyoungadultchildrenbecomeindependentsomuchlaterthantheydidin1970，whentheaverageageofindependentlivingwas21?Whyhavereducedclasssizesandincreasedper-pupilexpenditures(花销）not_41__higheracademicachiev

　　Whydoyoungadultchildrenbecomeindependentsomuchlaterthantheydidin1970，whentheaverageageofindependentlivingwas21?Whyhavereducedclasssizesandincreasedper-pupilexpenditures(花销）not_41__higheracademicachievementlevels?Whyisthementalhealthoftoday’skidssopoorwhen__42__withthatofchildreninthe1960sandbefore?Whydotoday’s__43__becomedefensivewhentoldbyteachersthattheirchildrenhavemisbehavedinschool?

　　Theanswerisintwowords:parental__44__.Thosetwowordsbestsummarizethe__45__between“old”childraisingandnewpost-1960sparenting.Thenthegeneralphilosophywasthatparentswerenottobe__46__involvedwiththeirkids.Theywereavailable__47__emergencybuttheystooda(an)__48__distancefromtheirkidsandallowedthemtoexperiencethebenefitsofthetrial-and-errorprocess.Itwasthechild’s__49__backthentokeephisorherparentsfromgettinginvolved.Thatwas__50__childrenlearnedtoberesponsibleanddetermined.

　　Today’sparentshelptheirkidswithalmosteverything.Theseareparentswhoare__51__whenitcomestoanunderstandingoftheirpurposeintheirkids’lives.Theirinvolvementleadsthemtopersonalizeeverythingthathappenstotheirkids;__52__thedefensiveness.Butgiventhatschoolsandmentalhealthprofessionalshavebeenpushingparentinvolvementfornearlyfourdecadestheconfusionanddefensivenessare__53__.

　　Universityresearchersanalyzedthreedecadesofdatarelatingtoparentparticipationinchildren’sacademics.Theirconclusions__54__whatI’vebeensayingsincethe1980s:parentalhelpwithhomework__55__achild’sacademicachievementandisnotreflectedonstandardizedtests.

　　Parentswhomanageachild’ssociallifeinterferewith(干预，阻挠)the__56__ofgoodsocialskills.Parentswhomanageachild’safter-schoolactivitiesgrowkidswhodon’tknowhowto__57__theirownfreetime.Parentswhogetinvolvedintheirkids’__58__withpeers（伙伴）growkidswhodon’tknowhowtoavoidmuchlesstrouble.

　　Thesekidshaveanxietiesandfearsofallsortsanddon’twanttoleavetheir__59__.Andtheirparentswhenthetimecomesdon’tknowhowto__60__beingparents.Youcanimaginewhatwillbecomeoftheirfuture.

　　41. A. touched o