Whydoyoungadultchildrenbecomeindependentsomuchlaterthantheydidin1970，whentheaverageageofindependentlivingwas21?Whyhavereducedclasssizesandincreasedper-pupilexpenditures(花销）not13higheracademicachiev

　　Whydoyoungadultchildrenbecomeindependentsomuchlaterthantheydidin1970，whentheaverageageofindependentlivingwas21?Whyhavereducedclasssizesandincreasedper-pupilexpenditures(花销）not 13  higheracademicachievementlevels?Whyisthementalhealthoftoday’skidssopoorwhen  14  withthatofchildreninthe1960sandbefore?Whydotoday’s 15  becomedefensivewhentoldbyteachersthattheirchildrenhavemisbehavedinschool?

　　Theanswerintwowords:parental  16  .Thosetwowordsbestsummarizethe  17  between“old”childraisingandnewpost-1960sparenting.Thentheoverallphilosophywasthatparentswerenottobe  18  involvedwiththeirkids.Theywereavailable  19  crisisbuttheystooda(an)  20  distancefromtheirkidsandallowedthemtoexperiencethebenefitsofthetrial-and-errorprocess.Itwasthechild’s  21 backthentokeephisorherparentsfromgettinginvolved.Thatwas  22  childrenlearnedtoberesponsibleanddetermined.

　　Today’sparentshelptheirkidswithalmosteverything.Theseareparentswhoare  23  whenitcomestoanunderstandingoftheirpurposeintheirkids，lives.Theirinvolvementleadsthemtopersonalizeeverythingthathappenstotheirkids;  24 thedefensiveness.Butgiventhatschoolsandmentalhealthprofessionalshavebeenpushingparentinvolvementfornearlyfourdecadestheconfusionanddefensivenessare  25  .

　　Universityresearchersanalyzedthreedecadesofdatarelatingtoparentparticipationinchildren’sacademics.Theirconclusions  26  whatI’vebeensayingsincethe1980s:parentalhelpwithhomework  27  achild’sacademicachievementandisnotreflectedonstandardizedtests.

　　Parentswhomanageachild’ssociallifeinterferewiththe  28  ofgoodsocialskills.Parentswhomanageachild’safter-schoolactivitiesgrowkidswhodon’tknowhowto  29  theirownfreetime.Parentswhogetinvolvedintheirkids  30  withpeersgrowkidswhodon’tknowhowtoavoidmuchlesstrouble.

　　Thesekidshaveanxietiesandfearsofallsortsanddon’twanttoleavetheir  31 .Andtheirparentswhenthetimecomesdon’tknowhowto  32  beingparents.Youcanimaginewhatwillbecomeoftheirfuture.

　　13.A.countedon             B.resulted