TheworddopingisprobablyfromtheDutchworddopthenameofanalcoholicdrinksmakeofgrapeskinsusedbyZulusoldiersinordertoencouragetheirbraveryinbattle.Thetermbecamecurrentaroundtheturnofthe20thcenturyorigi

　　TheworddopingisprobablyfromtheDutchworddopthenameofanalcoholicdrinksmakeofgrapeskinsusedbyZulusoldiersinordertoencouragetheirbraveryinbattle.Thetermbecamecurrentaroundtheturnofthe20thcenturyoriginallyreferringtoillegaldruggingofracehorses.In1928theInternationalAmateurAthleticFederation(IAAF)becamethefirsttobantheuseofdoping.Areliabletestmethodwasfinallyintroducedin1974.

　　Thepracticeofenhancingathletes’performancethroughforeignsubstanceorotherartificialmeanshoweverisasoldascompetitivesportitself.Themostfamousdopingcaseofthe1980sconcernedBenJohnsonthe100-meterchampionwhotestedpositiveforstanozolol(司坦咗醇)attheOlympicGamesinSeoul1988.

　　Themainfrontintheanti-dopingwarhasrapidlyshiftedtoblooddopingsince1970s.Blooddopingisthepracticeofaddingredbloodcellstothebloodstreaminordertoimproveathletes’performance.Thebloodisusuallyprocessedinordertocreateaconcentrationofredbloodcellsandthenfreezethemuntilneededfortransfusion(输血)backintotheathleteshortlybeforetheevent.Theextraredbloodcellswilldelivermoreoxygenandotheressentialelementstotheathlete’smuscletissues.

　　Justlikeanyotherproblemtheonlywaytosolveitisthrougheducation.Manyhighschoolsportsprogramsnowhavepeoplecomeintotalktothemaboutoutthedangersofperformance-enhancingdrugs.Youngplayersmustbefullyclearontherulesandwhatsubstancesarebanned.TheNCAA(NationalCollegiateAthleticAssociation)hasaneasilyaccessiblelistofwhatsubstancesarebannedhowtheyaretestedforandwhytheyarebannedonitswebsite.Thiswayyoungplayersareclearonwhattheycanputintheirbodies.Thisisalsoagoodwaytoeducateplayersonthedangerofthesubstancestheymaybetemptedtouse.

　　1.Theword“enhancing”inthefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphmeans“_____”.

　　A.showing

　　B.directing

　　C.upsetting

　　D.improving

　　2.Whatcanweknowfromthethirdparagraph?

　　A.Blooddopingistransferringoneman’sbloodintoanother

　　B.Onlyblooddopingexistsintheanti-dopingwarinthe1970s.

　　C.Blooddopingiseasytobefoundandcontrolledbyorga