在俄国革命中乔斯富斯大林扮演什么角色

　　RussianRevolution[简明英汉词典]

　　n.俄国革命（指发生于1917年的二月革命或十月革命,或泛指这两次革命）

　　Stalin,Joseph

　　IINTRODUCTION

　　Stalin,Joseph(1879-1953),generalsecretaryoftheCommunistPartyoftheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics(USSR)from1922to1953,thedespoticrulerwhomorethananyotherindividualmoldedthefeaturesthatcharacterizedtheSovietregimeandshapedthedirectionofEuropeafterWorldWarIIendedin1945.

　　StalinwasbornIosifVissarionovichDzhugashviliinthetownofGori,Georgia,whichatthetimewaspartofthevastRussianEmpire.Hewasthethirdandonlysurvivingchildofacobblerandahousecleaner.In1888StalinbeganattendingtheGoriChurchSchool,wherehelearnedRussianandexcelledathisstudies,winningascholarshiptotheTbilisiTheologicalSeminaryintheGeorgiancapitalin1894.

　　IIYOUNGREVOLUTIONARY

　　StalinbeganhisstudiesattheseminaryasadevoutbelieverinOrthodoxChristianity.Hewassoonexposedtotheradicalideasoffellowstudents,however,andbegantoreadillegalliteraturebasedontheworksofGermanpoliticalphilosopherKarlMarx.In1899,justashewasabouttograduate,hegaveuphisreligiouseducationtodevotehistimetotherevolutionarymovementagainsttheRussianmonarchy.WhileemployedasanaccountantinTbilisi,StalinspreadMarxistpropagandaamongrailwayworkersonbehalfofthelocalSocialDemocraticorganization.AftermovingtotheseaportofBat’umi,whereheorganizedalargeworkers’demonstrationin1902,Stalinwashunteddownandarrestedbytheimperialpolice.AyearlaterhewassentencedtoexileintheRussianregionofSiberia.Hesoonmanagedtoescape,however,andwasbackinGeorgiabyearly1904.

　　WhentheRussianSocialDemocraticLaborParty(RSDLP)splitintoMenshevikandBolshevikfactionsin1903,StalinwasdrawntothemoremilitantBolsheviks,whowereledbyVladimirLenin.InGeorgia,whereMenshevismpredominated,StalinsoongainedareputationasabelligerentandstaunchfollowerofLenin,whomhehadfirstmetin1905ataconferenceinFinland.

　　In1905StalinmarriedYekaterinaSvanidze,aGeorgianwomanwhodiedtwoyearslater.Stalinwasarrestedandexiledbyimperialpolicein1908becauseofhisillegalundergroundactivities.Hisescapethenextyearwasfollowedbyfurtherarrests,exiles,andsecrettripsabroadduringtheyearsleadinguptotheRussianRevolutionof1917.In1912LeninelevatedStalin,whobythistimehadadoptedtheRussianpseudonymmeaning“manofsteel,”totheleadingBolshevikPartybody,theCentralCommittee.AtLenin’sbehest,Stalinwrotehischieftheoreticalwork,MarxismandtheNationalQuestion.StalinwasarrestedandsenttoSiberiabeforetheessaywaspublishedin1913.

　　StalinwasreleasedfromexileupontheoverthrowoftheRussianmonarchyintheFebruary(orMarch,intheNewStylecalendar)phaseoftheRussianRevolution.HewenttoPetrograd(laterLeningrad;nowSaintPetersburg),wherehebecameamemberoftheparty’sCentralCommitteebureau.Hethenassertededitorialcontroloverthepartynewspaper,Pravda(Truth).

　　AlthoughhedidnotplayaprominentroleintheBolsheviktakeoverofthegovernmentinOctober(November,NewStyle),Stalinbecameamemberofthenewgovernment’sSoviet(Council)ofPeople’sCommissars(Russianacronym,Sovnarkom),headingtheCommiss