LanguageasaSystemofSymbolsOfallsystemsofsymbols(符号),languageisthemosthighlydeveloped.Ithasbeenpointedoutthathumanbeings,byagreement,canmakeanythingstandforanything.Humanbeingshaveagreed,inthecourseofc

　　LanguageasaSystemofSymbols

　　Ofallsystemsofsymbols(符号),languageisthemosthighlydeveloped.Ithasbeenpointedoutthathumanbeings,byagreement,canmakeanythingstandforanything.Humanbeingshaveagreed,inthecourseofcenturiesofmutual(相互的)dependency,toletthevariousnoisesthattheycanproducewiththeirlungs,throats,tongues,teeth,andlipssystematicallystandforcertainhappeningsintheirnervoussystems.Wecallthatsystemofagreementslanguage.

　　Thereisnonecessaryconnectionbetweenthesymbolandthatwhichitstandsfor.Justassocialpositionscanbesymbolizedbyfeatherswornonthehead,bygoldonthewatchchain,orbyathousandotherthingsaccordingtotheculturewelivein,sothefactofbeinghungrycanbesymbolizedbyathousanddifferentnoisesaccordingtotheculturewelivein.

　　Howeverobviousthesefactsmayappearatfirstglance,theyareactuallynotsoobviousastheyseemexceptwhenwetakespecialpainstothinkaboutthesubject.Symbolsandthethingstheystandforareindependentofeachother,yetweallhaveawayoffeelingasif,andsometimesactingasif,therewerenecessaryconnections.Forexample,therearepeoplewhofeelthatforeignlanguagesareunreasonablebynature;foreignershavesuchfunnynamesforthings,andwhycan’ttheycallthingsbytheirrightnames?ThisfeelingexhibitsitselfmoststronglyinthoseEnglishandAmericantouristswhoseemtobelievethattheycanmakethenativesofanycountryunderstandEnglishiftheyshoutloudenough.Likethelittleboywhoisreportedtohavesaid:“Pigsarecalledpigsbecausetheyaresuchdirtyanimals,”theyfeelthatthesymbolisinherently(内在地)connectedinsomewaywiththethingssymbolized.

　　69.Languageisahighlydevelopedsystemofsymbolsbecausehumanbeings______.

　　A.havemadeuseoflanguageforcenturies B.useournervoussystemstosupportlanguage

　　C.havemadevariousnoisesstandforanyevents

　　D.canmakeanythingstandforanythingbyagreement

　　70.WhatcanweconcludefromParagraph2?

　　A.Differentnoisesmaymeandifferentthings.

　　B.Ourculturedetermineswhatasymbolstandsfor.

　　C.Thelanguageweusesymbolizesoursocial