Papermaking

　　TheearliestformofChinesecharacterswereinscriptionsonoraclebonesoftheShangDynasty,followedbyinscriptionsonancientbronzeobjects,anditwasnotuntiltheSpringandAutumnDynastythattheChinesecharacterswerecarvedontobambooslipsstrungupbyhempcords.

　　TheChinesecharacterswerewrittenonsilkclothsduringtheQinandtheHandynasties,anditwasnotuntilCaiLun’s(蔡伦61-121)improvedpapermakingmethodintheEasternHanDynastythatpaperwaswidelyusedthroughoutancientChina.Papermakingwasagreateventinthehistoryofhumancivilization,anditwasintroducedintoEuropeancountries1,000yearslater.

　　Gunpowder发明者不详

　　Gunpowder,amixtureofcharcoal,saltpeterandsulfur,wasinventedbyancientChinesealchemistsduringtheprocessofalchemyintheSuiandtheTangdynasties,anditisahighlyvolatileexplosive.Theancientfirearrowresemblesthepresentrockettubeinshape,andwaswidelyusedinbattlesonwater.

　　ThegunpowderwasenormouslyemployedinthewarsduringtheTangandSongdynasties;itwasintroducedintotheArabiancountriesbytheMongoliansandthentotheEuropeancountries.

　　Compass发明者不详(我们中国人皆传说是黄帝发明)

　　ThelegendwentthatHuangdi(thelegendaryforebearoftheChinesenation)defeatedtheChiyoutribewiththehelpofasouthward-pointingcart,akindofmechanicaldeviceforindicatingdirectionsinancienttimes.Onthebasisofthesouthward-pointingcart,theChinesepeopleinventedacompassintheWarringStatePeriod(战国时代)andlaterappliedittoseaexplorationsandwars.

　　Greatprogresswasmadeincompass-makingintheSongDynasty,whenitgreatlystimulatedthedevelopmentoftheshippingindustry.Later,theArabiansandPersianslearnedtomakecompassesfromtheancientChineseandintroducedthemtotheEuropeancountries.

　　PrintingTechniques

　　Beforetheemergenceofaprintingtechnique,booksweretranscribedbyscholarsonebyonethroughoutthehistoryofChina.AlthougharubbingtechniqueandablockprintingtechniquesuccessivelyemergedintheHanDynastyandtheWesternJinDynasty,itwasstilltime-consumingtoprintabook.

　　BiSheng（970-1051毕升是活字印刷术的发明者）firstinventedmovabletypeprintingintheSongDynasty,greatlypromotingthedevelopmentoftheprintingtechnique,forwhichhewaspraisedasthefatheroftypography.

　　TheChineseprintingtechniqueisavanguardofhumancivilization,whichwasintroducedtotheEuropeancountriesbytheArabians,anditcreatesfavorableconditionsforknowledgedisseminationintheworld.

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