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【谁能给个科学家简介（INENGLISH）】
谁能给个科学家简介（INENGLISH）
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2019-11-27 17:09
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兰晓军
IsaccNewton
Towardtheendofthe1600sNewtonpickeduponDescartes'theoriesofmotionandcompletedthemechanisticvisionoftheuniversethathehadlaidout.InhisPrincipia(1687)hesothoroughlypulledthemechanisticvisiontogetherthatitbecamethesinglemostimportantfoundationpieceforthemodernworld-view.
He"demonstrated"thatallthingswithintheuniversearemadeupofminutebitsofmatterwhichareheldtogetherintheirshapeandmovementthroughtheforceofnaturalattractionorgravity(thegravitationalattractionoftwobodiesisequaltotheproductoftheirmassdividedbythesquareofthedistancebetweenthem).Thistheoryexplainedquitefullyeverythingfromthemovementoftheplanetsthroughtheskies,tothemovementsofthetides,tothevelocityoffallingobjects--andmore.
Justasimportantly--thecompletenessofthetheoryleftnopossibilityofseeingcreationasa"living"thing.Creationwaswithoutlifeofitsown;itwasinsteadmere"matter"respondingmechanicallytoasetoffixedmathematicallaws.
Nonetheless,Newtonthoughtofhimselfasbeingreligiouslyquitedevout.Histheoryoftheuniverse--sohethought--wasintendedasapowerfultributetotheGrandArchitectwhodesignedsuchawonderfullycomplexyetbeautifulcreation.
However,NewtondepictedGodinsuchawaythatGodactuallylost"personality"andtherealmofsovereignaction.Godwasleftaroleinnaturelargelyas"FirstMover"withnofurthersignificantinterventioninlife.Godnearlybecameidentifiedwiththeeternityorinfinityoftheuniverse.
ThomasEdison'sLife
ThomasAlvaEdisonwasbornin1847inMilan,Ohio.Atthattime,JamesPolkwasPresidentandAbrahamLincolnwasjustcontemplatingrunningforthelegislature.WhenEdisondiedin1931,attheageof84,HerbertHooverwasPresidentandwewereinthemiddleoftheGreatDepression.DuringhislifetimeEdisonsawtheUnitedStatesengagedintwomajorwars:theCivilWarwhenhewasateenager,andWorldWarIwhenhewasanadultandappointedtoassisttheSecretaryoftheNavy.Hisinventionshadasignificanteffectuponhistimesandpermanentlyalteredthewayinwhichwelivetoday.Canyouimaginelifewithouttheelectriclight?Thephonographandallofitsimprovements?Themotionpicture?
Attheageof12,Edisonbeganworkasa"candybutcher"aboardtheGrandTrunkRailroad'scommuterlinebetweenPortHuron,Michigan,wherewelivedwithhisparents,andDetroit.Hesoldnewspapers,fruitandcandytothepassengers.ThetrainleftPortHuronabout7:00inthemorningandreturnedat9:00or9:30atnight.ThetripincludedasixhourlayoverinDetroit,duringwhichtimeheclaimstohaveread"theentirepubliclibrary."Hewasanomnivorousreaderandlovedtoexperimentwithchemicalsandmachinery.Heconstantlywantedtoinvestigatehowthingsworkedandlikedtoseeifhecouldmakethingsbetter.Onthetrainhewasallowedatableinanemptybaggagecaronwhichtowork.Heevenbroughtabrokenprintingpress,repaireditandtaughthimselftoprint.Hemayhaveproducedthefirstnewspaperprintedonamovingtrain.Edisonbegannoticingalossofhearingaroundthistime,whichincreasedthroughouthislife.
Atthattime,telegraphlinesoftenranparalleltotherailroadtracks,andmanyofthestationmastersweretelegraphoperators.Edisonwasstruckbytheimportanceoftelegraphyincommunicatio
2019-11-27 17:11:59