【Somechildrenshowpreferencesforfriendsatanearlyage．At9or10，childrenbecomeawereofdifferences，theybegintoformcliques（圈子，派系）．Atl00r12yearsofage，astheyareseparatefromparents，identificationwithpeer】

　　Somechildrenshowpreferencesforfriendsatanearlyage．At9or10，childrenbecomeawereofdifferences，theybegintoformcliques（圈子，派系）．Atl00r12yearsofage，astheyareseparatefrom parents，identificationwithpeersmaybecomeenlargedandcliquesmayformandchangefrequently．At middleandhighschooltheissueofbelongingbecomesevenmoreextraordinaryandoutstanding．

　　Cliquesaresmall，particulargroupsoffriendswhosharecommoncharacteristicsandcommoninterests（music，dress，sports，etc．）．Eachmemberiseitherdirectlyorindirectlyconnectedtoothermembers．Cliquesusuallyrefertogroupsofgirls； howeverboysarealsoinvolvedincliques．Thereare usuallyhierarchies（等级）ofcliquesamongteens，fromthepopularstothelosers，andthereareoftenmany cliquesinschools．

　　Normaladolescent（青少年的）developmentoftencirclesaroundcliques-joiningcliques，wanting tojoincliques，orbeingoutofcliques．Cliquescanhaveastrongpositiveeffectonself-worth．Theyprovidesocialoccasionsandhelpkidsdevelopasenseofbelonging supportandprotectionCliquesimproveself-respectbymakingkidsfeelwanted，andtheyenablethecliquesmembertodevelopasenseofidentityandtodealwithsocialeventsaroundthemselves．

　　While，cliquescanbeopposedtootherkidsandothercliques．Insomecasescliquesmemberscanbecomeharmfultooutsidersbyputtingthemdownusingteasing，backstabbing，andevenviolence．Althoughgirlsaresocializedtosuppressphysicaldisplaysofviolence，itcantaketheformofintimidating （恐吓人的）behavior．Cliquescanpolluteindividualityandpreventmembersfrommixingwithmembersofothergroups．Theyusuallyrequiresomedegreeofagreementinappearance，attitude，orbehavior．Theycandriveawaymembersfornoapparentreason，andtheycanpressurekidsintogroupactivitiesinorderto

　　fitin，creatinginterpersonalcliquesandviolence．

　　57．WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthecliquesisTRUE？___

　　A．Cliquesmembershavedifferentcharacteristicsandinterests．

　　B．Onceacliquesisformeditsmembersarenotchangeable．

　　C．Cliquesaremorepopularamongboysandgirls．

　　D．Chqueshelpimprovechildren'sself-respect