What'stherelationgshipbetweennatureandhumanbeing英语回答
What'stherelationgshipbetweennatureandhumanbeing
英语回答
What'stherelationgshipbetweennatureandhumanbeing英语回答
What'stherelationgshipbetweennatureandhumanbeing
英语回答
Humannatureisthefundamentalnatureandsubstanceofhumans,aswellastherangeofhumanbehaviorthatisbelievedtobeinvariantoverlongperiodsoftimeandacrossverydifferentculturalcontexts.
Inpre-modernandnon-scientificunderstandingsofnature,thismeantthathumannaturemustbeunderstoodwithreferencetofinalandformalcauses.Suchunderstandingsimplytheexistenceofadivineinterestinhumannature,and/ortheexistenceofanideal,"idea",or"form"ofahumanwhichexistsindependentlyofindividualhumans.
Accordingtotheacceptedmodernscientificunderstandinghumannatureistherangeofhumanbehaviorthatisbelievedtobenormaland/orinvariantoverlongperiodsoftimeandacrossverydifferentculturalcontexts.
Theexistenceofaninvariablehumannatureisasubjectofmuchhistoricaldebate,particularlyinmoderntimes.Mostfamously,Darwin'sgaveawidelyacceptedscientificargumentthathumansandotheranimalspecieshavenotrulyfixednature.Beforehim,themalleabilityofmanhadbeenassertedbyJeanJacquesRousseau.
Sincethemid-19thCentury,theconceptofhumannaturehasbeencalledintoquestionbythinkerssuchasHegel,Marx,Nietzsche,Sartre,anumberofstructuralistsandpostmodernists.Theconcepthasalsobeenchallengedbyviewssuchasbehaviorism,determinism,andthechemicalmodelwithinmodernpsychiatryandpsychology,whichhavetendedtoemphasizetheideathathumanbeingsmightconceivablybeexplainedas"matterinmotion"inawaythatissimilartotherestofnature.RecentlythebiologistE.O.Wilsonformulatedascientificdefinition.
Thereareanumberofperspectivesregardingthefundamentalnatureandsubstanceofhumans.Thesearebynomeansmutuallyexclusive,andthefollowinglistisbynomeansexhaustive:
Philosophicalnaturalism(whichincludesmaterialismandrationalism)encompassesasetofviewsthathumansarepurelynaturalphenomena;sophisticatedbeingsthatevolvedtoourpresentstatethroughnaturalmechanismssuchasevolution.Humanistphilosophersdeterminegoodandevilbyappealtouniversalhumanqualities,butothernaturalistsregardthesetermsasmerelabelsplacedonhowwellindividualbehaviourconformstosocietalexpectations,andistheresultofourpsychologyandsocialization.
Abrahamicreligionholdsthatahumanisaspiritualbeingwhichwasdeliberatelycreated(exnihilo)byasingleGodinhisimage,andexistsincontinuedrelationshipwithGod.GoodandevilaredefinedintermsofhowwellhumanbeingsconformtoGod'scharacterorGod'slaw.
Polytheisticoranimisticnotionsvary,butgenerallyregardhumanbeingsascitizensinaworldpopulatedbyotherintelligentspiritualormythologicalbeings,suchasgods,demons,ghosts,etc.Inthesecases,humanevilisoftenregardedastheresultofsupernaturalinfluencesormischief(althoughmayhavemanyothercausesaswell).
Holistic,pantheistic,andpanentheisticspiritualtraditionsregardhumanityasexistingwithinGodorasapartofDivinecosmos.Inthiscase,human"evil"isusuallyregardedastheresultofignoranceofthisuniversalDivinenature.TraditionsofthiskindincludeVedicreligionsandotherformsofEasternphilosophy(includingBuddhismandTaoism),andWesternphilosophysuchasStoicism,Neoplatonism,orSpinoza'spantheisticcosmology.Certainkindso