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  What'stherelationgshipbetweennatureandhumanbeing英语回答

  What'stherelationgshipbetweennatureandhumanbeing

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2020-02-07 01:53
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马鹏翔

  Humannatureisthefundamentalnatureandsubstanceofhumans,aswellastherangeofhumanbehaviorthatisbelievedtobeinvariantoverlongperiodsoftimeandacrossverydifferentculturalcontexts.

  Inpre-modernandnon-scientificunderstandingsofnature,thismeantthathumannaturemustbeunderstoodwithreferencetofinalandformalcauses.Suchunderstandingsimplytheexistenceofadivineinterestinhumannature,and/ortheexistenceofanideal,"idea",or"form"ofahumanwhichexistsindependentlyofindividualhumans.

  Accordingtotheacceptedmodernscientificunderstandinghumannatureistherangeofhumanbehaviorthatisbelievedtobenormaland/orinvariantoverlongperiodsoftimeandacrossverydifferentculturalcontexts.

  Theexistenceofaninvariablehumannatureisasubjectofmuchhistoricaldebate,particularlyinmoderntimes.Mostfamously,Darwin'sgaveawidelyacceptedscientificargumentthathumansandotheranimalspecieshavenotrulyfixednature.Beforehim,themalleabilityofmanhadbeenassertedbyJeanJacquesRousseau.

  Sincethemid-19thCentury,theconceptofhumannaturehasbeencalledintoquestionbythinkerssuchasHegel,Marx,Nietzsche,Sartre,anumberofstructuralistsandpostmodernists.Theconcepthasalsobeenchallengedbyviewssuchasbehaviorism,determinism,andthechemicalmodelwithinmodernpsychiatryandpsychology,whichhavetendedtoemphasizetheideathathumanbeingsmightconceivablybeexplainedas"matterinmotion"inawaythatissimilartotherestofnature.RecentlythebiologistE.O.Wilsonformulatedascientificdefinition.

  Thereareanumberofperspectivesregardingthefundamentalnatureandsubstanceofhumans.Thesearebynomeansmutuallyexclusive,andthefollowinglistisbynomeansexhaustive:

  Philosophicalnaturalism(whichincludesmaterialismandrationalism)encompassesasetofviewsthathumansarepurelynaturalphenomena;sophisticatedbeingsthatevolvedtoourpresentstatethroughnaturalmechanismssuchasevolution.Humanistphilosophersdeterminegoodandevilbyappealtouniversalhumanqualities,butothernaturalistsregardthesetermsasmerelabelsplacedonhowwellindividualbehaviourconformstosocietalexpectations,andistheresultofourpsychologyandsocialization.

  Abrahamicreligionholdsthatahumanisaspiritualbeingwhichwasdeliberatelycreated(exnihilo)byasingleGodinhisimage,andexistsincontinuedrelationshipwithGod.GoodandevilaredefinedintermsofhowwellhumanbeingsconformtoGod'scharacterorGod'slaw.

  Polytheisticoranimisticnotionsvary,butgenerallyregardhumanbeingsascitizensinaworldpopulatedbyotherintelligentspiritualormythologicalbeings,suchasgods,demons,ghosts,etc.Inthesecases,humanevilisoftenregardedastheresultofsupernaturalinfluencesormischief(althoughmayhavemanyothercausesaswell).

  Holistic,pantheistic,andpanentheisticspiritualtraditionsregardhumanityasexistingwithinGodorasapartofDivinecosmos.Inthiscase,human"evil"isusuallyregardedastheresultofignoranceofthisuniversalDivinenature.TraditionsofthiskindincludeVedicreligionsandotherformsofEasternphilosophy(includingBuddhismandTaoism),andWesternphilosophysuchasStoicism,Neoplatonism,orSpinoza'spantheisticcosmology.Certainkindso

2020-02-07 01:54:47

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