NapoleonBonaparterosetoprominenceasageneralduringtheFrenchRevolution,becomingrulerofFranceasFirstConsulin1799.In1804,afterhavingsubduedmostofEuropethroughconquestoralliance,hecrownedhimselfEmperorofFrancetopreventarestorationoftheBourbonmonarchy.Napoleonspentthenexttenyearsfightingasuccessionofwarsagainstvariousalliedcoalitions,withoftenbrilliantresults,suchasatAusterlitzin1805.

　　AsapartofhisunendingstruggleagainstGreatBritain,Napoleonattemptedtoimposeacontinentalembargo,butthiswasineffectiveandcausedhisallies,suchasRussia,tosufferimmensely.Asaresult,RussiaresumedtradingwithGreatBritainin1812,inducingNapoleontoinvadeRussiainJuneofthatyear.Thedisastrousresultsofthatinvasion,wherebyonly40,000ofapproximately650,000troopssurvivedthecampaign,pavedthewayforNapoleon鈥檚firstabdicationinApril1814.ExiledtotheMediterraneanislandofElba,Napoleonchafedathisseparationfrompower,andinMarch1815,escapedtoreturntoFranceoncemore,reclaimingthethrone.Onceagain,apowerfulcoalitionwasorganizedagainsthim,andonJune18hewasdecisivelydefeatedattheBattleofWaterloo.Again,Napoleonwasexiled,thistimetothefardistantislandofSt.HelenaintheSouthAtlantic,wherehediedin1821.

　　InNapoleonontheArtofWar,JayLuvaasutilizespersonalcorrespondencetocreateessaysthatilluminatethegreatcommander鈥檚thoughtsonmilitaryphilosophy.LuvaasstitchestogetherNapoleon鈥檚writingsintotenessays,plusananalysisofthecampaignsofFredericktheGreat.Intheseessaysthereaderwillfinddiscussionsofstrategy,tactics,generalprinciplesofgroundwar,andcommentaryonthe鈥済reatcaptains.鈥(AlexandertheGreat,Hannibal,Caesar,etc.)

　　Ifthereisarecurrentthemethroughouttheseessays,itisNapoleon鈥檚obsessivefocusonorganizationaldetailsandlogistics,foritishismeticulouspreparationthatoftenproveddecisiveinbattle.Napoleonrecognizedthis,saying,鈥淚fItakesomanyprecautions,itisbecausemyhabitistoleavenothingtochance鈥?planofcampaignmustanticipateeverythingthattheenemycandoandcontainwithinitthemeansofoutmaneuveringhim.鈥(pg.66)

　　Napoleonalsoenumeratedseveralmilitaryprinciples,suchas鈥淒onotmakeflankmarchesinfrontofanarmythatisinposition鈥and鈥淧reserveyourlineofoperationwithcareandneverabandonitlightheartedly.鈥(pg.40)Napoleon鈥檚ideaswerefoundationaltomilitarystudiesthroughoutthenineteenthcentury,hiscampaignsbecomingthesubjectofintenseexaminationbystudentsatmilitaryacademiesacrosstheWesternworld.

　　InAmerica,theofficercorpsofboththeUnionandConfederatearmieswerewellversedinNapoleonictactics,andheldfasttotheselessonslearnedatWestPoint,eveninthefaceofnewtechnologiesthatmademanyoftheideasobsolete.NotallNapoleoniclessonswerescrupulouslyadheredtothough,suchas,鈥淣oinfantry,howeverbrave,canmarch3,000or3,600feetwithimpunityagainstsixteenortwenty-fourwell-placedguns,servedbygoodgunners.Beforeitwouldgettwothirdsofthewayitsmenwouldbekilled,woundedorscattered.鈥(pgs.56-57).LeewouldhavebeenwisetohaveacceptedthisadviceatGettysburg,aswouldBurnsideatFredericksburgsevenmonthsearlier.

　　Whilethechangingfaceofmilitarytechnologyerodedmuchofthevalu

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