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　　WilliamShakespeare(baptised26April1564;died23April1616)wasanEnglishpoetandplaywright,widelyregardedasthegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguageandtheworld'spre-eminentdramatist.HeisoftencalledEngland'snationalpoetandthe"BardofAvon".Hissurvivingworks,includingsomecollaborations,consistof38plays,154sonnets,twolongnarrativepoems,andseveralotherpoems.Hisplayshavebeentranslatedintoeverymajorlivinglanguageandareperformedmoreoftenthanthoseofanyotherplaywright.

　　ShakespearewasbornandraisedinStratford-upon-Avon.Attheageof18,hemarriedAnneHathaway,withwhomhehadthreechildren:Susanna,andtwinsHamnetandJudith.Between1585and1592,hebeganasuccessfulcareerinLondonasanactor,writer,andpartownerofaplayingcompanycalledtheLordChamberlain'sMen,laterknownastheKing'sMen.HeappearstohaveretiredtoStratfordaround1613,wherehediedthreeyearslater.FewrecordsofShakespeare'sprivatelifesurvive,andtherehasbeenconsiderablespeculationaboutsuchmattersashisphysicalappearance,sexuality,religiousbeliefs,andwhethertheworksattributedtohimwerewrittenbyothers.

　　Shakespeareproducedmostofhisknownworkbetween1589and1613.Hisearlyplaysweremainlycomediesandhistories,genresheraisedtothepeakofsophisticationandartistrybytheendofthesixteenthcentury.Hethenwrotemainlytragediesuntilabout1608,includingHamlet,KingLear,andMacbeth,consideredsomeofthefinestworksintheEnglishlanguage.Inhislastphase,hewrotetragicomedies,alsoknownasromances,andcollaboratedwithotherplaywrights.

　　Manyofhisplayswerepublishedineditionsofvaryingqualityandaccuracyduringhislifetime.In1623,twoofhisformertheatricalcolleaguespublishedtheFirstFolio,acollectededitionofhisdramaticworksthatincludedallbuttwooftheplaysnowrecognisedasShakespeare's.

　　Shakespearewasarespectedpoetandplaywrightinhisownday,buthisreputationdidnotrisetoitspresentheightsuntilthenineteenthcentury.TheRomantics,inparticular,acclaimedShakespeare'sgenius,andtheVictoriansworshippedShakespearewithareverencethatGeorgeBernardShawcalled"bardolatry".Inthetwentiethcentury,hisworkwasrepeatedlyadoptedandrediscoveredbynewmovementsinscholarshipandperformance.Hisplaysremainhighlypopulartodayandareconstantlystudied,performedandreinterpretedindiverseculturalandpoliticalcontextsthroughouttheworld.