独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分.With(without)的复合结构可以看作是独立主格结构中的一种形式.一、独立主格结构的特点1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在.2）名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系.3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开.Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.4）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词二、独立主格结构的构成:名词普通格或代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语.1．名词（或代词）+现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态.Heseatinghimselfatthedesk,hismotherbegantotellhimastory.Everyonebeingready,theteacherbeganhisclass.Thefoodbeingcooked,theboywaswatchingTV.注意：现在分词being或havingbeen在独立主格结构中可以省略.Theweather（being）fine,wedecidedtogoonanouting.独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略,一是在“Therebeing+名词”结构中,二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下.Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.ItbeingSunday,alltheofficesareclosed.2．名词（或代词）+不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作.Hesuggestedgoingforapicnic,Marytoprovidethefood.Manyflowersandgrasstobeplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.3．名词（或代词）+过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作.Thegirlslayonherback,herhandscrossedunderherhead.Theworkersworkedstillharder,theirlivingconditionsgreatlyimproved.Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.4．名词（或代词）+形容词（短语）形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态Thefloorwet,wehadtostayoutsideforawhile.Heturnedtome,hiseyessleepy.5．名词（或代词）+副词副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态.Themeetingover,weallwenthome.Schoolover,weallwenthome.6．名词（或代词）+介词短语Arobberburstintotheroom,knifeinhand.Helefttheoffice,tearsineyes.注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里,当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分.但with的复合结构不受此限制.例如：Theteachercamein,withabookinhishand.三、独立主格结构的作用：多用作状语1.表示时间Hishomeworkdone（=Afterhishomeworkwasdone）,Marydecidedtogoshopping.2.表示原因Therebeingnobuses（=Becausetherewerenobuses）,wehadtowalkhome.3.表示条件Weatherpermitting（=Ifweatherpermits）,we’llgotoplaybasketball.4.表示方式或伴随Hesatatthetable,headdown.?动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,?动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,?动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行.Themanagerlooksworried,manythingstobesettled.Themanagerlooksrelaxed,manythingssettled.Themanlaythere,hishandstrembling.四、With(without)的复合结构的构成以及句法功能（一）、with/without+宾语+宾语补足语构成复合结构的几种情况:1.with+名词/代词+形容词Hedoesn’tliketosleepwiththewindowsopen.=Hedoesn’tliketosleepwhenthewindowsareopen.注意：在“with+名词/代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中,也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式.Withhissonsodisappointing,theoldmanfeltunhappy.Withhisfatherwell-known,theboydidn’twanttostudy.2.with+名词/代词+副词Theboywaswalking,withhisfatherahead.=Theboywaswalkingandhisfatherwasahead.3.with+名词/代词+介词短语Hestoodatthedoor,withacomputerinhishand.=Hestoodatthedoor,andacomputerwasinhishand.4.with+名词/代词+动词过去分词Withhishomeworkdone,Peterwentouttoplay.=Whenhishomeworkwasdone,Peterwentouttoplay.5.with+名词/代词+现在分词Thegirlhidherboxwithoutanyoneknowingwhereitwas.=Thegirlhidherboxandnooneknewwhereitwas.Withoutanyonenoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.=Whennoonewasnoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.6.with+名词/代词+动词不定式Thelittleboylookssad,withsomuchhomeworktodo.=Thelittleboylookssadbecausehehassomuchhomeworktodo.（二）、With(without)的复合结构的句法功能：定语和状语1.Thereisamagazinewithamoderngirlonitscover.(定语)2.Hestoodintherain,withhisclotheswet.=Hestoodintherain,andhisclotheswerewe