【DTimeout,extrachoresandtakingawayprivilegesaremoreusefulformsofdisciplining(惩戒)naughtychildrenthanspankingorhitting,accordingtoastudyonWednesday.About94percentofparentsusesomeformofphysicalpunishmenttotea】

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　　Timeout,extrachoresandtakingawayprivilegesaremoreusefulformsofdisciplining(惩戒)naughtychildrenthanspankingorhitting,accordingtoastudyonWednesday.

　　About94percentofparentsusesomeformofphysicalpunishmenttoteachtheirtwo-year-oldsrightfromwrong,accordingtoresearchstudies.Butpsychologistssayitcouldleadtolateremotionalandbehavioralproblems.

　　Evenchildrenwhowereonlyspankedsomeofthetimearemorelikelytoshowsignsofsadnessorhavelessconfidence.

　　“Thekeyistobefairanddothesamethingeachtime.Doingsomethinglikehittingachildthatseemscruelatbestdoesn’thelpandcanputachildatriskforproblems,”saidDrPaulFrick,oftheUniversityofNewOrleansinLouisians.

　　“Itisbettertouseotherpunishments,”headded.

　　Theuseofphysicalpunishmenttoteachchildrenhaslongbeendebated.IncountriessuchasAustria,Finland,GermanyandSweden,itisillegaltousephysicalpunishmentathomeorinschools.

　　Frickandhisteam,whostudiedtheeffectsofphysicalpunishmenton98children,saidtheycouldn’tfindanypositiveeffects.Somechildrenlearnedmorefromthehittingthanwhattheparentwastryingtoteachthem.

　　“Thekeyistohavealotofdifferentformsofpunishmentdependingontheageofthechild,”saidFrick,whoreportedhisfindingsintheJournalofAppliedChildPsychology.

　　Herecommendedtimeoutforyoungerchildrenandtakingawaytelevisionandelectronictoysforolderchildren.Givingextrachorescanalsogetthemessageacross.

　　Othermeasuresareatleastaseffectiveasphysicalpunishmentandhavelessharmfulpotentialconsequences.

　　Theresearcherskeptchildrenwhomtheythoughtwereatriskoflaterconductproblemsoutofthetestandanequalnumberofotherchildrenwhoactedasacontrolgroup,tostudywhatmeasureswouldbemosthelpful.

　　Theyquestionedtheparentsandthechildrenaboutpositiveandnegativeparentingbehaviorincludingtheuseofphysicalpunishment.

　　“Wegotitfrombothviewpoints,”saidFrick.

　　Headdedthatchildrenonthereceivingendofahitcanlearnthatwhentheyareupsetandangrytheyhit,ratherthanunderstandingtheirbehaviorwaswrongandthattheyneedtodobetter.

　　67.What’sthepurposeofthewrite