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  有机方程式总结

  有机方程式总结

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2020-04-05 11:01
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恩莉

  有机化学反应方程式小结

  一.取代反应1.CH4+Cl2--光→CH3Cl+HClC2H6+Cl2-光→C2H5Cl+HCl

  2.C6H6+Br2—Fe→C6H5Br+HBr3.C2H5OH+HBr--加热→C2H5Br+H2O

  4.C6H6+HNO3--H2SO4水浴加热→C6H5NO2+H2O

  6.C6H5Cl+H2O--NaOHCu,高温,加压→C6H5OH+HCl

  7.C2H5Cl+H2O—NaOH→C2H5OH+HCl

  8.CH3COOC2H5+H2O--无机酸或碱→CH3COOH+C2H5OH

  9.(C17H35COO)3C3H5+3NaOH→C3H5(OH)3+3C17H35COOH

  二.加成反应

  10.CH2=CH2+H2→Ni加热→CH3CH3

  13.CH2=CH2+HCl--催化剂,加热→CH3CH2Cl

  14.C2H2+H2--Ni,加热→CH2=CH2

  C2H2+2H2--Ni,加热→CH3CH3

  15.C2H2+2HCl--催化剂,加热→CH3CHCl2

  16.CH2=CH-CH=CH2+Br2→CH2=CH-CHBr-CH2Br

  17.CH2=CH-CH=CH2+Br2→CH2Br-CH=CH-CH2Br

  18.CH2=CH-CH=CH2+2Br2→BrCH2-CHBr-CHBr-CH2Br

  19.CH3CHO+H2–Ni→CH3CH2OH

  20.CH2OH-(CHOH)4-CHO+H2--Ni→CH2OH-(CHOH)4-CH2OH

  21.C6H6+3H2—Ni→C6H12(环己烷)

  22.C6H6+3Cl2--光→C6H6Cl6(六六六)

  23.CH2=CH2+H2O--H2SO4或H3PO4,加热,加压→CH3CH2OH

  三.消去反应

  24.CH3CH2OH--浓H2SO4,170℃→CH2=CH2↑+H2O

  25.CH3CH2Br+NaOH--醇,加热→CH2=CH2↑+NaBr+H2O

  四.酯化反应(亦是取代反应)

  26.CH3COOH+CH3CH2OH--浓H2SO4,加热→CH3COOC2H5+H2O

  27.C3H5(OH)3+3HNO3--浓H2SO4→C3H5(ONO2)3+3H2O

  28.[C6H7O2(OH)3]n+3nHNO3(浓)--浓H2SO4→[C6H7O2(ONO2)3]n+3nH2O

  29.[C6H7O2(OH)3]n+3nCH3COOH--浓H2SO4→[C6H7O2(OOCCH3)3]n+3nH2O

  30.葡萄糖+乙酸乙酸酐

  五.水解(卤代烃、酯、油脂的水解见上,亦是取代反应)

  31.CH3COONa+H2O→CH3COOH+NaOH

  32.CH3CH2ONa+H2O→CH3CH2OH+NaOH

  33.C6H5ONa+H2O→C6H5OH+NaOH

  34.C17H35COONa+H2O→C17H35COOH+NaOH

  35.(C6H10O5)n+nH2O--淀粉酶→nC12H22O11

  淀粉麦芽糖

  36.2(C6H10O5)n+nH2O--H2SO4,加热→nC6H12O6

  淀粉葡萄糖

  37.(C6H10O5)n+nH2O--H2SO4,常时间加热→nC6H12O6

  纤维素葡萄糖

  38.C12H22O11+H2O--H2SO4→C6H12O6+C6H12O6

  蔗糖葡萄糖果糖

  39.C12H22O11+H2O--H2SO4→2C6H12O6

  麦芽糖葡萄糖

  40.蛋白质--胃蛋白酶或胰蛋白酶→各种a-氨基酸

  六.氧化反应

  (一)被强氧化剂氧化

  41.2C2H5OH+O2--Cu或Ag→2CH3CHO+2H2O

  42.C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+热

  43.2CH3CHO+O2→2CH3COOH

  ★44.5CH2=CH2+6KMnO4+18H2SO4→6K2SO4+10CO2+12MnSO4+28H2O

  ★45.5C6H5CH3+6KMnO4+9H2SO4→5C6H5COOH+3K2SO4+6MnSO4+14H2O

  ★46.5C6H5CH2CH3+12KMnO4+18H2SO4→5C6H5COOH+5CO2+6K2SO4+12MnSO4+28H2O

  (二)被弱氧化剂氧化

  47.CH3CHO+2[Ag(NH3)2]OH→CH3COONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O

  48.CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2加热→CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O

  49.CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2[Ag(NH3)2]OH→CH2OH(CHOH)4COONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O

  50.CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Cu(OH)2--加热→CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O

  51.HCOOH+2[Ag(NH3)2]OH→NH4HCO3+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O

  52.HCOOH+2Cu(OH)2加热→CO2+Cu2O↓+3H2O

  53.HCOONa+2[Ag(NH3)2]OH→NaHCO3+4NH3+2Ag↓+H2O

  54.HCOONH4+2[Ag(NH3)2]OH→NH4HCO3+2Ag↓+4NH3+H2O

  55.HCOOR+2[Ag(NH3)2]OH→NH4OCOOR+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O

  56.HCHO+2[Ag(NH3)2]OH→HCOONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O

  57.HCHO+4[Ag(NH3)2]OH→NH4HCO3+4Ag↓+7NH3+2H2O

  58.HCHO+4Cu(OH)2加热→CO2+2Cu2O↓+5H2O

  七.还原反应

  59.CH3COCH3+H2--Ni→CH3CHOHCH360.HCHO+H2--Ni→CH3OH

   

2020-04-05 11:04:34

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