阅读理解Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabiesandothercreatureslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto“rewards”,andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewide

　　阅读理解

　　Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabiesandothercreatureslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto“rewards”,andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewards,atleastintheearlystages(阶段),hadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiological“drives”(生理的动力)asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords,ababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort,nototherwise.

　　Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome(result).

　　Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto“reward”thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovements,suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponse(反应)withclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren'sresponsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement“switchedon”adisplay(显示)oflights,andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearning(wereabletolearn)quitecomplex(复杂的)turnstobringaboutthisresult,forinstance,twoleftortworight,oreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside.

　　Papousek'slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywouldsmileorbubble(格格地笑)whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarily(mainly)thesightofthelightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem,inmasteringtheskill,andthatthereexistsafundamental(basic)humanurge(强烈欲望)tomakesenseof(understand)theworldandbringitunderintentional(有意识的)control.

　　1．Accordingtotheauthor,babieslearntodothingswhich________.

　　[]

　　A．willsatisfytheircuriosity

　　B．willmeettheirphysicalneeds

　　C．aredirectlyrelatedtopleasure(areconnectedwithpleasure)

　　D．wiltbringthemafeelingofsuccess

　　2．Papouseknoticedthatinhisstudiesthatababy_