定语从句里which怎么用
定语从句里which怎么用
定语从句里which怎么用
定语从句里which怎么用
Which引导的定语从句在语法和语用功能有利于区别于that引导的定语从句的鲜明特色.
一、语法要点.
①有宽阔的指代范围.不仅可措代主句中某一先行词___名词(A),还可以指代主句中某些句子成分,如不定式宾补,不定式宾语,动宾结构等(B),甚至整个主句
(C).后两项功能是that所没有的.
(A)Thecomputerwhich(=that)Iboughtyesterdayishomemade.
(B)YesterdayIaskedhimtogotothecinemawithme,whichagreed(昨天我要他同我一道去看电影,他同意了).
Hewishestogetquickrichwithoutanylabour,whichwethinkonlyWishfulthinking(他想不劳而获,迅速致富,我们认为这是想入非非).
(C)Thesunheatstheearth,Whichisveryimportanttolivingthings(太阳晒热地球,这对于万物是十分重要的).
②非限定性定语从句中,无论主语还是宾语,关系代词用which不用that;即使which作宾语也不省去.
Football,whichisveryinteresting,isplayedallovertheworld.
Inevergiveuplearningforeignlanguages.WhichIfinktodeabridgedtotheworld(我从没有放弃过外语学习,因为我发现外语是通向世界的桥梁).
(比较下一句关系代词作宾语可省去的限定性定语从句.二者在这一点上的区别一目了然:Itisthecomputer(that/which)Iboughtlastweek.)
③“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句有一下四点值得注意.
A:当介词前置时,关系代词用which而非that;而且which不省去.
Thepencilwithhewaswritingbroke.
无Thepencilwiththathewaswritingbroke;也无Thepencilwithhewaswritingbroke.
(注:当介词后置于定语从句动词后面,并且从句是定性的,关系代词which,that可互换,能省略.Thisistheroomwhich/thatthegreatmanonceworkedin.)
B:先行词表示时间,定语从句可用关系副词(when;先行词表示地点,定语从句可用关系副词where:
We’llneverforgetthedayonwhich(-when)wevisitedtheGreatwall.
Theywenttothevillagewhere(-atwhich)theoilwellwaslocated定位).
C:此结构再延伸,出现“名词/代词+of/among+关系代词”的格局,名词又有数量意义,如“许多,一些,大部分,20个等”,则整个短语译作“其中许多;其中一些…”:
Onthecrowdedbuswereschoolchildren,manyofwhomwerefromBeijing.
也可以把名词/代词称到关系代词后面,整个短语的功能不变:
Heborrowedfromthelibrarynovelsandmagazines,amongwhichsomeareinEnglish.
D:此延伸结构若是“名词+介词of+关系代词”的格局,名词无数量意义,则同于whose+名词:
Helivesinthehousethedoorsofwhichfacethesouth,=Helivesinthehousewhosedoorsfacethesouth.
二、语用功能.
Which定语从句(尤其是非限定性的)主要还是在语用功能上呈现that定语从句所没有的亮点.
①表达主从句因果关系.
AJew.AlbertEinsteinhadtofleeGermany.WhichthenwasruledbyHitler(爱因斯坦只得逃离德国,因为当时的德国是在希特勒的统治之下).
NMET’99:CoryLuxmoorearrivedfromEnglandtodeliverthediaryofhisancestertotheLibraryCompany,____heandhiswifeconsideredtobethebesthomeforthediary(CoryLuxmoore(千里迢迢)从英国赶来把祖先的日记交给(费城)图收馆公司,是因为他和妻子认为该图书馆才是此日记最好的归宿处).
②表达主从句目的关系.
TheSouthernStatessetupaseparatestateoftheirown,inwhichtheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves(南方各州却反叛建立一个独立王国,以便好继续维持奴隶制度).
③表达主从句让步关系.
Einstein,whocouldhavebeenveryrich,caredforlittlemoney(爱因斯坦原本可以是非常富有的,但他却不爱钱).
Hegaveuphiscauseinwhichhehadbeenverysuccessfulandjoinedinourproject(他的事业尽管干得很出色,他还是放弃了,加入到我们的课题研究中来).
④表达主句动作产生的结果.
Manytrucksandbusesarejammedatthecrossing,whichmadeitimpossibleforustogotoworkontime(许多车辆都堵在十字路口,造成我们不能准时上班).
Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,whichmakesitthemostPopularsportintheworld(欧式足球有30个国家在踢,因之成为全世界最流行的一项体育运动).
⑤表示主从句条件关系.
Thepastexperience,whichisnotforgotten,istheguideforthefuture(前事不忘,可为后事之师).
⑥表示主从句时间关系.
HewasbornonOctober1,1949,