【英语翻译四、信用证软条款的识别防范信用证软条款的关键在于建-查字典问答网
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来自杜天军的问题

  【英语翻译四、信用证软条款的识别防范信用证软条款的关键在于建立一套行之有效的识别标准,用来检验信用证中是否合有软条款、软条款属于哪种类型、对我方受益人有什么程度的影响,以】

  英语翻译

  四、信用证软条款的识别

  防范信用证软条款的关键在于建立一套行之有效的识别标准,用来检验信用证中是否合有软条款、软条款属于哪种类型、对我方受益人有什么程度的影响,以此决定采取何种相应的保护措施.笔者认为,可以出口贸易的流转程序为基础,将识别信用证软条款的标准划分为信用证生效环节、货物检验环节、货物装船环节以及贷物验收环节四大类.

  (一)信用证生效环节

  按照正常情况,受益人收到的信用证应当是巳生效的信用证,这样受益人才能放心地准备发货.但是,有一类信用证软条款却是规定开来的信用证暂不生效,待到货样经开证申请人确认后再通知生效,或待进口许可证签发后再通知生效,或由开证行签发通知后生效.不管此类软条款形式如何变化,其本质都是一点:信用证必须在满足开证申请人提出的某些条件后才生效.这样,开证申请人完全掌握了信用证的主动权.这种情况一般发生在开证申请人为实力不太雄厚的中间商,其中最容易迷惑我方受益人的条款就是由开证申请人检验货物样品合格后才通知信用证生效.由于我方受益人认为自己已经按合同规定寄出了符合质量要求的样品,因此也开始着手积极准备发货.即使样品与合同规定的质量要求完全一致,只要开证申请人由于市场变化而拒绝发送生效通知,我方受益人手中的信用证仍然毫无意义

  (二)、货物检验环节

  该环节是信用证软条款最易出现的环节之一.一般信用证均规定以卖方所在国检验

  机构出具的检验证书作为议付单据,但是,此类软条款却规定:品质证书由开证申请人出具,或须由开证行核实,或须与开证行存档之样相符.这样,只有开证申请人出具或经过其同意的品质证书才能作为议付单据,等于把是否接受货物的主动权交给了开证申请人,违背了正常的国际贸易程序.此类软条款又往往与开证申请人企图诈骗受益人预付的履约保证金或开证押金有关.开证申请人一旦收到上述预付款项,便对货物品质横加挑剔,拒绝签发品质证书,或声称我方出具的品质证书不符合开证行存样的样本,最终达到欺诈的目的.这类软条款在我国实践中常有发现.

  例如,1992年8月吉林省某外贸公司与美国纽约某企业公司签订了出口河卵石的合同.合同中规定中方须先付给美方25万元人民币履约保证金.9月,美方开来的信用证中要求由买方(开让申请人)到口岸验货,签署质量检验证明.后来,美方一再拒绝派人检验,致使信用证逾期,给中方公司造成直接损失40余万元.

  (三)货物装船环节

  开证申请人常在货物装船环节大作文章,针对该环节规定各类软条款.常见的几种有:1)规定装运港、装船日期或目的港须由开证申请人通知或须经其同意,并以修改书形式通知;2)规定船公司、船名须由开证申请人指定;3)规定受益方只有取得开证申请人指.定验货人签发的装船通知后才能装船;4)规定受益人必须提供指定船公司出具的提单或货物必须装上指定船只.这类软条款使得开证申请人掌握了货物是否装船、何时装船的.主动权,使我方受益人陷于两难境地:一方面不能不准备发货,另一方面又无法掌握发货"日期,随时可能造成信用证逾期.

1回答
2020-05-14 16:51
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高耀军

  4,lettersofcreditsofttermsoftheidentification

  LettersofcreditprovisionsofthePreventionofsoftkeyliesintheestablishmentofawell-establishedidentificationstandardsusedtotestwhetherthelettersofcreditintermsofasoft,softtermsofthetypeofourbeneficiarieshavewhatextenttheimpactofthisdecisionWhattheappropriateprotectivemeasures.Theauthorbelievesthatthecirculationcanexporttradeproceduresbasedonsofttermsoftheletterofcreditwillidentifythestandardsoflettersofcreditfortheentryintoforceoflinks,cargoinspectionareas,cargoloadingareasandacceptanceofpartofloan-to-fourcategories.

  (A)partoftheentryintoforceoflettersofcredit

  Undernormalcircumstances,thebeneficiariesshouldbereceivedbythelettersofcredithavebeeninforcelettersofcredit,sobeneficiariescanbeassuredpreparingshipments.However,thereisacategoryofsofttermsoftheletterofcreditisprovidedtoopenlettersofcreditnottocomeintoeffect,pendingthearrivallikeacardapplicanttoconfirmtheentryintoforceafternotification,orimportpermitstobeissuedafterthenoticeinforce,orbyissuinglineIssuedafterthedateofnotification.Whethersuchchangesintheformofsoftterms,itsessenceisthis:openlettersofcreditcardsmustmeetcertainconditionsbytheapplicantaftertheentryintoforce.Inthisway,issuingaletterofcreditapplicantsfullygrasptheinitiative.Thissituationoccurredintheopengenerallicenceapplicantsforthestrengthisnotstrongbrokers,oneofthemosteasytoconfusethetermsofourbeneficiariesisbyissuingqualifiedapplicantstestsampleafterthenoticeoftheentryintoforceoflettersofcredit.Asweconsiderthemselvesbeneficiariesofthecontracthasbeensenttomeetthequalityrequirementsofthesampleand,therefore,startedactivepreparationsforshipment.Evenifthesamplesandqualityrequirementsstipulatedinthecontractexactlythesame,aslongastheapplicantapermitbecauseofchangesinthemarketandrefusedtoenterintoforcesentnoticeofourhandsofthebeneficiariesoflettersofcreditarestillnosense

  (2),cargoinspectionlinks

  Theletterofcreditispartofthesofttermsofthemostvulnerablesectorsof.Generallettersofcreditrequirethesellertotestthehostcountry

  Inspectioncertificateissuedbytheagencyasanegotiatingdocument,however,hassuchsoftterms:byissuingqualitycertificatesissuedbytheapplicant,orbyissuingtoverify,ortobefiledwiththeissuingoftheline-line.Inthisway,onlyapermitissuedbytheapplicantorthroughitsconsenttothequalityofthecertificateasanegotiatingdocument,equivalenttowhetherornottoaccepttheinitiativeofgoodstotheapplicantapermit,contrarytonormalinternationaltradeprocedures.Suchprovisionsareoftensoftandissuingtheapplicantattemptedtodefraudthebeneficiariesoftheprepaidcardperformancebondoradepositon.Oncetheapplicantacertificateofreceiptoftheadvancepayment,itflagrantlycriticalofthequalityofthegoods,refusetoissuequalitycertificates,orthatourqualitycertificateissuedbytheissuingfirmsdonotmeetthekindofsamples,andultimatelyachievingthepurposeoffraud.SuchsofttermsinChina'softenfoundinpractice.

  Forexample,inAugust1992aforeigntradecompanyinJilinProvinceandtheNewYorkcompanyh

2020-05-14 16:55:47

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