阅读理解Tworecentstudieshavefoundthatpunishmentisnotthebestwaytoinfluencebehavior.Oneshowedthatadultsaremuchmorecooperativeiftheyworkinasystembasedonrewards.ResearchersatHarvardUniversityintheU

　　阅读理解 Tworecentstudieshavefoundthatpunishmentisnotthebestwaytoinfluencebehavior.

　　Oneshowedthatadultsaremuchmorecooperativeiftheyworkinasystembasedonrewards.

　　ResearchersatHarvardUniversityintheUnitedStatesandtheStockholmSchoolofEconomicsin

　　Swedendidthestudy.

　　TheyhadabouttwohundredcollegestudentsplayaversionofthegameknownasthePrisoner's

　　Dilemma.Thegameisbasedonthetensionbetweentheinterestsofanindividualandagroup.The

　　studentsplayedingroupsoffour.Eachplayercouldwinpointsforthegroup, sotheywouldallgain

　　equally.Buteachplayercouldalsorewardorpunisheachoftheotherthreeplayers, atacosttothe

　　punisher.HarvardresearcherDavidRandsaysthemostsuccessfulbehaviorprovedtobecooperation.

　　Thegroupsthatrewardeditthemostearnedabouttwiceasmuchinthegameasthegroupsthat

　　rewardedittheleast.Andthemoreagrouppunisheditself, theloweritsearnings.Thegroupwiththe

　　mostpunishmentearnedtwentyfivepercentlessthanthegroupwiththeleastpunishment.Thestudy

　　appearedlastmonthinthejournalScience.

　　Theotherstudyinvolvedchildren.ItwaspresentedlastmonthinCaliforniaataconferenceon

　　violenceandabuse.Researchersusedintelligencetestsgiventotwogroups.Morethaneighthundred

　　childrenwereagedtwotofourthefirsttimetheyweretested.Morethansevenhundredchildrenwere

　　agedfivetonine. Thetwogroupswereretestedfouryearslater, andthestudycomparedtheresults

　　withthefirsttest.Bothgroupscontainedchildrenwhoseparentsusedphysicalpunishmentandchildren

　　whoseparentsdidnot.

　　ThestudysaystheIQsoftheyoungerchildrenwhowerenotspankedwerefivepointshigherthan

　　thosewhowere.Intheoldergroup, thedifferencewasalmostthreepoints.Themoretheyare

　　spanked, theslowertheirmentaldevelopmentis.

　　1.Accordingtothefirststudy, wemainlyinferthat________.

　　A.thegam