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  阅读理解Tworecentstudieshavefoundthatpunishmentisnotthebestwaytoinfluencebehavior.Oneshowedthatadultsaremuchmorecooperativeiftheyworkinasystembasedonrewards.ResearchersatHarvardUniversityintheU

  阅读理解 Tworecentstudieshavefoundthatpunishmentisnotthebestwaytoinfluencebehavior.

  Oneshowedthatadultsaremuchmorecooperativeiftheyworkinasystembasedonrewards.

  ResearchersatHarvardUniversityintheUnitedStatesandtheStockholmSchoolofEconomicsin

  Swedendidthestudy.

  TheyhadabouttwohundredcollegestudentsplayaversionofthegameknownasthePrisoner's

  Dilemma.Thegameisbasedonthetensionbetweentheinterestsofanindividualandagroup.The

  studentsplayedingroupsoffour.Eachplayercouldwinpointsforthegroup, sotheywouldallgain

  equally.Buteachplayercouldalsorewardorpunisheachoftheotherthreeplayers, atacosttothe

  punisher.HarvardresearcherDavidRandsaysthemostsuccessfulbehaviorprovedtobecooperation.

  Thegroupsthatrewardeditthemostearnedabouttwiceasmuchinthegameasthegroupsthat

  rewardedittheleast.Andthemoreagrouppunisheditself, theloweritsearnings.Thegroupwiththe

  mostpunishmentearnedtwentyfivepercentlessthanthegroupwiththeleastpunishment.Thestudy

  appearedlastmonthinthejournalScience.

  Theotherstudyinvolvedchildren.ItwaspresentedlastmonthinCaliforniaataconferenceon

  violenceandabuse.Researchersusedintelligencetestsgiventotwogroups.Morethaneighthundred

  childrenwereagedtwotofourthefirsttimetheyweretested.Morethansevenhundredchildrenwere

  agedfivetonine. Thetwogroupswereretestedfouryearslater, andthestudycomparedtheresults

  withthefirsttest.Bothgroupscontainedchildrenwhoseparentsusedphysicalpunishmentandchildren

  whoseparentsdidnot.

  ThestudysaystheIQsoftheyoungerchildrenwhowerenotspankedwerefivepointshigherthan

  thosewhowere.Intheoldergroup, thedifferencewasalmostthreepoints.Themoretheyare

  spanked, theslowertheirmentaldevelopmentis.

  1.Accordingtothefirststudy, wemainlyinferthat________.

  A.thegam

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