分词具有哪些句法功能1. 用作表语The news is encouraging. 这消息令人鼓舞。The present situation is terrifying. 目前形势令人惊恐。Please be seated. 请坐好。The window was broken. 窗户破了。【说明】(1) 有的用作表语的分词具有形容词性质，有的甚至已转化为形容词。(2) 现在分词和动名词作表语的区别。如：现在分词作表语主要表示主语的性质和特征，而动名词作表语则主要是对主语内容的进一步说明和解释。如：My job is interesting. 我的工作很有趣。My job is teaching maths. 我的工作是教数学。另外，动名词作表语时它可与主语交换位置，而现在分词作表语则不可与主语交换位置。如：误：Interesting is my job.正：Teaching maths is my job.还有，作表语的现在分词不能带宾语，而作表语用的动名词可以带宾语(如上例)。2. 用作定语What disappointing news! 多么令人失望的消息!The story had a satisfying ending. 这故事有一个令人满意的结局。She is a trained nurse. 她是一个受过训练的护士。All these are required subjects. 所有这些都是必修课。【说明】(1) 单个的分词作定语可以置于被修饰词语之前，但若是分词短语作定语则应置于被修饰名词之后。如：There is a gentleman asking to see you. 有一位先生要求见你。She bought a computer produced in China. 她买了一台中国生产的电脑。(2) 由现在分词being构成的短语通常不能用作后置定语，除非这个being是构成被动结构的助动词。如：误：Anyone being ill can take the medicine.(因being不是助动词，故错)正：Anyone who is ill can take the medicine. 任何人病了都可服这药。正：He isn’t interested in the question being discussed. 他对讨论的问题不感兴趣。(3) 现在分词作后置定语时，它所表示的动作通常不能发生在谓语动作之前(这也就是为什么现在分词的完成式不能用作后置定语的原因)。如：误：The man stealing [having stolen] the car was caught. 正：The man who stole the car was caught. 偷汽车的那个人被抓了。(4) 现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别。如：现在分词作定语时，它所修饰的名词通常就是现在分词的逻辑主语，并且通常可转换成一个定语从句；而动名词作定语表示的是被修饰名词的作用、用途等。比较：a moving truck 正在移动的汽车(moving为现在分词，与truck有主谓关系)a moving truck 搬家汽车(moving为动名词，说明truck的用途)a hunting dog 正在猎物的狗(hunting为现在分词，与dog有主谓关系)a hunting dog 猎狗(hunting为动名词，说明dog的用途)[NextPage]3. 用作状语。分词作状语可以表示多种关系。如：(1) 表时间。如：Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 见到猫，老鼠就跑了。The work finished, he went home. 工作做完后，他就回家了。(2) 表原因。如：Being very weak, she couldn’t move. 她由于身体虚弱而不能行动。His car broken down, he had to walk. 他的车坏了，所以只好走路。Much discouraged，she moved on to London. 她很沮丧，搬到了伦敦。(3) 表条件。如：United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。Given more time, we could have done it better. 如果多给点时间，我们可以做得更好。Working hard, you will succeed. 如果努力工作，你就可以成功。Adding them all up, we can find the answer. 如果把它们加起来，我们就可以得到答案。(4) 表让步。如：Although living miles away, he attended the course. 虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 虽然被击败了，他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。(5) 表方式。如：He earns a living driving a truck. 他靠开卡车谋生。I’m returning you letter as requested. 我按要求给你退信。(6) 表伴随。如：He sat in the chair reading newspapers. 他坐在椅子上看报。Don’t you sit there doing nothing. 别什么也不干坐在那里。He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的妻子。(7) 表结果。如：He fired, killing one of the passers-by. 他开枪了，打死了一个过路人。He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了，留下他妻子和五个孩子。It rained and rained, vehicles bogged and bridges washed out. 雨不停地下，车辆陷入泥沼，桥梁被水冲去。4. 用作宾语补足语He soon had them all laughing. 他很快逗得大家都笑了。I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。We found him greatly changed. 我们发现他变化很大。I heard my name called. 我听到有人叫我的名字。【说明】比较以下两句用现在分词作宾补与用不带to的不定式作宾补的区别。如：I saw the children playing in the street. 我看见孩子们在街上玩。I saw the children