英语翻译‘Jurisdiction’meansthecompetenceofthecourtstohearanddecideacase.ForthepurposeofdeterminingthejurisdictionoftheEnglishcourts,actionsareoftwokinds.（ⅰ）Actionsinpersonam:theseareactionsbroughttocompe

　　英语翻译

　　‘Jurisdiction’meansthecompetenceofthecourtstohearanddecideacase.ForthepurposeofdeterminingthejurisdictionoftheEnglishcourts,actionsareoftwokinds.

　　（ⅰ）Actionsinpersonam:theseareactionsbroughttocompeladefendanttodoortorefrainfromdoingsomethingortopaydamages.Jurisdictionoversuchactionsdependsprimarily,thoughnotexclusively,onthedefendant'spresenceinEngland.

　　（ⅱ）Actionsinrem:theseareactionsagainstshipsandaircraftwhenjurisdictiondependsuponthepresenceoftheshiporaircraftinEngland.

　　Itshouldbeaddedthat,insomecases,suchasdivorceornullityofmarriage,sometimescalled‘actionsquasiinrem’sincetheyinvolvedeterminationofpersonalstatus,jurisdictionisentirelystatutory.