BeijingoperaorPekingopera(simplifiedChinese:京剧;traditionalChinese:京剧;pinyin:Jīngjù)isaformoftraditionalChinesetheatrewhichcombinesmusic,vocalperformance,mime,danceandacrobatics.Itaroseinthelate18thcenturyandbecamefullydevelopedandrecognizedbythemid-19thcentury.[1]TheformwasextremelypopularintheQingDynastycourtandhascometoberegardedasoneoftheculturaltreasuresofChina.[2]MajorperformancetroupesarebasedinBeijingandTianjininthenorth,andShanghaiinthesouth.[3]TheartformisalsoenjoyedinTaiwan,whereitisknownasGuoju(国剧;pinyin:Guójù).IthasalsospreadtoothercountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandJapan.[4]

　　Beijingoperafeaturesfourmaintypesofperformers.Performingtroupesoftenhaveseveralofeachvariety,aswellasnumeroussecondaryandtertiaryperformers.Withtheirelaborateandcolorfulcostumes,performersaretheonlyfocalpointsonBeijingopera'scharacteristicallysparsestage.Theyutilizetheskillsofspeech,song,dance,andcombatinmovementsthataresymbolicandsuggestive,ratherthanrealistic.Aboveallelse,theskillofperformersisevaluatedaccordingtothebeautyoftheirmovements.Performersalsoadheretoavarietyofstylisticconventionsthathelpaudiencesnavigatetheplotoftheproduction.[5]Thelayersofmeaningwithineachmovementmustbeexpressedintimewithmusic.ThemusicofBeijingoperacanbedividedintotheXipiandErhuangstyles.Melodiesincludearias,fixed-tunemelodies,andpercussionpatterns.[6]TherepertoireofBeijingoperaincludesover1,400works,whicharebasedonChinesehistory,folklore,and,increasingly,contemporarylife.[7]

　　Inrecentyears,Beijingoperahasattemptednumerousreformsinresponsetosaggingaudiencenumbers.Thesereforms,whichincludeimprovingperformancequality,adaptingnewperformanceelements,andperformingnewandoriginalplays,havemetwithmixedsuccess.SomeWesternworkshavebeenadoptedasnewplays,butalackoffundingandanadversepoliticalclimatehaveleftBeijingopera'sfateuncertainastheformentersthe21stcentury

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